razor. On the shore a belt of ice remained with a length of about 1 km and a width of 60 m. Sep- 

 arate ice hummocks reached 16 m high. 



Littoral ice heap which borders the sea with ice selvage is formed during the pressure of the 

 ice on fast ice. After formation of littoral ice hummocks, floating ice can be driven into the sea 

 by the wind and the fast ice begins to spread out in winter from the littoral ice hummocks, so long 

 as the floating ice which is driven out does not cause formation of new ice heaps by its pressure. 

 In such a way, some rolls of littoral ice heaps are created which are almost parallel with one 

 another. On 10 April 1944 with fast ice about 9 km wide at Cape Schmidt, ridges of littoral ice 

 heaps were counted up to 7 m high. Simultaneously at the Koluchin Island, the height of the ice 

 heaps reached 15 m. 



The littoral ice hummock can be one formed from a complete breakup, from marginal crush- 

 ing or from packing. Some observers note that the littoral or packed ice heap usually is observed 

 in a concave shore and is formed by the frequent marginal crushing in autumn with a tight moving 

 over of blocks onto one another. Its height reaches 1.5 to 2 m. As a consequence of the pushed 

 up ice, it is difficult to pass. Besides that, sometimes they even distinguish littoral surf ice hum- 

 mocks which consist of fine smashed ice beams about .5 m in diameter which will wash rolled 

 around by the water and which are formed during the period of powerful fall storms on the borders 

 of the shore of fast ice or in the neighborhood of the shallows. Relative to form, it is relatively 

 short and not wide; the piled up ridge usually is 4 to 10 m high. * 



As we have seen, the powerful polar ice which was bordered from the south by a belt of ice 

 heaps, plays the role of the grounded ice in the Central Arctic Basin. 



Especially powerful ice heap formations of several years' standing are encountered in the 

 region off the northern coasts of Greenland and Elzmir Island. In contrast to the remainii^ region 

 of pack which consists of comparatively flat ice fields, here, ridges of ice heaps will stretch out 

 obstructing the so-called "American" road to the North Pole by a wide littoral strip. This ice, as 

 was already shown, had received from Ners the rather incorrect name "paleocrystic. " Separate 

 floe bergs which spotted this ice, reached 10 m high and in my opinion are so similar to icebergs 

 that even an experienced polar researcher as Peary was mistaken in defining them.** 



Ice heaping in the region of developed fast ice takes on large dimensions after the dissection 

 or breakup of the sea, where comparatively weak ice fields predominate. Soon after the breakup 

 of the sea, such fields begin to move and are driven from place to place by the wind and the cur- 

 rents, pushing one another and forming characteristic ice heaps of eruption. In the course of time, 

 larger and larger areas of clear water are opened and the amplitudes of the movement of these 

 fields increases still more. Simultaneously, the velocity of these movements increases and 

 consequently, the living force of the moving ice formations. With the collisions, large slabs and 

 monoliths are broken off and raised along the edges of such fields. 



*A characteristic ice hummock is formed on the windward selvage. A heavy sea moving 

 blocks of ice packed them solidly one against the other, such ice as Makarov had noted, but very 

 heavy for the ice breaker to cross. 



**As Liben informed me, some ice pilings were seen which resembled icebergs in form and 

 size at the time of the flight of the airplane H-169 in March 1941 along 75° north and 160° and 

 165° east. 



265 



