wash banks are formed on the shore which are made up of ice pebbles and are completely similar 

 to the surf banks on the shore of the sea of a reduced volcanous type. These ice pebbles are some- 

 times discarded by the surf some meters from the shore. In such a way, the ice boulders and the 

 pebbles are evidently produced in a period of hours by the sea rolling the angular blocks; with 

 another material, this requires great periods of time.* 



LITERATURE: 62, 77, 101, 105, 110, 133, 134, 171. 



Section TOO. Stamukhi 



Every ice formation which has stuck to the shoals or in the shallows is called a stamukh. 

 This is not entirely correct. A stamukh consists of ice of sea origin and its external forms dis- 

 tinguish it sharply from the iceberg which is located in the shallows (figure 95). Stamukhi in the 

 shallow regions of the Arctic Seas play the role of littoral islands as we have seen. 



Having been formed as the result of ice heaping, stamukhi are stationed along the isobaths 

 appropriate to their draught and border, on all sides of the island, under water shoals and the 

 shore.** 



With pressure of ice, stamukhi stopping the movement of the ice caused awful ice hummock- 

 ing formation around itself, greatly increasing its initial dimensions and at the same time protect- 

 ing the shore from the pressure of the ice. Thus, the ice between the shore and the rowof stamukhi 

 which border the shore is not heaped but flat and even. 



The 20 m isobath which stretched from the Chavmiskaya lip approximately in the direction of 

 the New Siberian Island, appears as the limit of the spreading of stamukhi, and the ridge of ice 

 heaps, according to the observations from an airplane by Gorienko, were stretched as a strip 

 approximately along the isobath. 



Stamukhi generally ^pear firm in shape and in the Arctic Seas they last usually a few years . 

 They extend perpendicularly to the pressure and more steeply toward the shore. Like every ice 

 heap, stamukhi are made up of a pile of blocks of various dimensions and forms. In the course of 

 the summer, when less powerful surrounding ice breaks up and is transferred into the class of 

 floatii^ ice, stamukhi usually remain fixed. Melted water flows beneath and freezes on contact 

 with the internal cold parts of the stamukhi and thus welds them into a whole mass. The masses 

 of water which are thrown onto the stamukhi by rough sea, play the same role or have the same 

 effect. The sun and the waves can destroy the stamukhi, but chiefly they influence its forms. The 

 internal structure actually gets stronger. Stamukhi, which consisted at the beginning of blocks. 



*During the earthquake of 1923 at Kamchatka the sea ice was cast by the waves 5 km from the 

 shore line and had plowed up the swamp. 



**Thus, for example, the airmen Kotov and Marozof observed Stamukhi on 29 March 1942 in 

 the funnel of the White Sea, which borders the island of Marzhovets. The height of the stamukhi 

 reached 7 to 8 m located toward the north from the Bay of Meverk, southeast from the island of 

 Marzhovets many stamukhi even accumulate toward the end of winter; some of them get afloat in 

 the deep water but are again deposited in the shallow water on the bottom . Stamukhi located in 

 the funnel of the White Sea hamper the currents of the channels and cause a powerful current in the 

 passages between them, hollowing out the shallows and changing their contour and position. 



267 



