Figure 95. Stamukhi. 



acquires a monolithic unity toward the end of summer; at the same time, its external form 

 acquires a rounded contour and the stamukhi reminds one of an actual summer island. 



In autumn, from the beginning of ice formations and of ice movements , the stamukhi becomes 

 a center of ice heaping and piles of block are heaped on it, which gives it its initial appearance. 

 According to Wrangel, the height of the perennial stamukhi at the shore of the Koljrma border 

 reached 23 m above an even sea. According to the observations of the Zarya, the stamukhi at the 

 Siberian border reached a height of 15 m, which is a usual phenomenon, and in some individual 

 areas even reach 20 m. Peary observed stamukhi 40 m high at the Washington cape, north of 

 Greenland. Simpson observed at Bering Strait how a perennial ice hill having been raised some 

 tens of centimeters above water, formed under pressure, in the shore water, a pile-up with a 

 height of 13 to 15 m over the level sea. 



In such a way, due to the protruding in the shallow water and the subsequent ice heapirg, the 

 height of the stamukhi increased in the course of time. If the ratio of the heights of the below and 

 above water parts is above 5 for flat ice fields, as in the case of floe bergs, and ice heaps and 

 nesiak due to the usually greater destroyed overwater part is about 4, then the ratio for the 

 stamukhi is usually about 2 and often reaches 1 or less . 



LITERATURE: 62, 77, 88, 171. 



Section 101. Hummock Structure 



Hummocks which have just been formed represent rather uniform amalgamations which 

 easily disintegrate into ponds, for example, if the jamming or compression which causes the ice 

 hummocking is changed by clearing. This refers especially to the summer ice hummocking. In 

 winter the ice rallies slightly with jamming and at the points of contact, for the melted water 

 freezes and welds the pressure of contact as soon as the pressure weakens. 



268 



