METERS FROM PIER 



50 WO 150 200 250 



T — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — r"" — I — I — I — I — I — I — i — I — I — r- 



Figure 119 . Ice profile on the Kuznechika River from the pier of 

 Ekonomia to the shoals . 



breaks unavoidably created by the great vertical fluctuations of floating ice cannot be permitted for 

 railroad lines. Therefore, the smoothness of the part of the road which traverses the ice must be 

 constantly regulated by laying down or removing special packings. 



Finally, tidal fluctuations of ice are extremely harmful for piles which are driven into the 

 bottom and which freeze to the floating ice. Each lowering of the level usually causes only a slight 

 bending of the ice by the pile. With every rise of the level, the floating ice tries to pull the pile 

 from the bottom. 



LITERATURE: 36, 62, 77, 87. 



Section 123. Tidal Variations in Level and Stamukhi 



As we have seen, stamukhi are ice formations of comparatively large vertical dimensions 

 which are moved through the seas by winds and currents and finally become fast on shoals and 

 sub- surface banks. 



Let us suppose that a huge ice block has become fast on a certain shoal at low tide. It is 

 clear that as soon as the flood tide begins, the stamukha will be torn away from the shoal and 

 carried by the flood tide to a slightly lesser depth where the start of ebb tide will leave it. Subse- 

 quently the stamukha will continue to be torn from a shoal at flood tide and left in a more shoal spot 

 at ebb tide, gradually approaching a depth where it will remain on the shoal even at high tide. 

 Obviously, if the stamukha begins its stepwise approach to the shore at neap tides, then at the 

 spring tides it will again be pulled from the shoal and move still closer to the shore . The same 



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