Analyzing the drift features of the Suyataya Anna between 77° and 80° north and between 

 72° and 78° east, Vize concluded that they could be explained by the presence of land between 78° 

 and 80° north to the east and not far from the line of drift of the Svyataya Anna . Such land was 

 actually discovered by the expedition on the Sedov in 1930. It proved to be an island situated be- 

 tween 79° 39' and 79° 32' north and 76° 46' and 77° 20' east. Appropriately, this island was named 

 Vize. 



After Nansen, two more expeditions drifted over the deep Arctic Basin, the ice station 

 "North Pole" (1937-38) and the Sedov (1937-40). 



Figure 128, by Shirshov and Fedorov, shows the drift of the ice field station "North Pole" 

 from 3 to 8 August 1937, (about 88° north, 3° west). The drift is sketched on the basis of astro- 

 nomical determinations and direct instrument readings of the drift elements. The figure also shows 

 the observed wind directions for that period. 



It is evident that the drift of the ice fields was very responsive to the wind and to any change 

 in the wind. Consequently, the ice field described zig-zags and even loops. Furthermore, 

 Shirshov and Fedorov noted winds of various directions affected the drift in various ways over the 

 entire drift path beginning at the North Pole and ending in the region of Jan Mayen Island. The ice 

 field responded rapidly and readily to winds causing a southerly drift and they reacted relatively 

 poorly to winds cuasing a northerly drift. Shirshov and Fedorov explained this phenomenon (noted 

 and explained by Nansen previously) as follows: the movement of the ice field is determined by two 

 factors, 



1. by the action of temporary and variable winds, the temporary drift in various directions 

 and 



2. by the collective action of the prevailing winds over the Arctic Ocean and the hydrological 

 factors which create the general circulation of the ice and waters of this ocean - the main drift 

 from the Pole to the Greenland Sea and farther south along the coast of Greenland. 



In cases where the temporary wind drift and the main drift coincide in direction, the drift 

 velocity of the ice field increased. Otherwise, it decreased sometimes to 0; in the case of a strong 

 wind drift northward, the ice field even moved northward. 



The drift of the Sedov , which to a certain extent repeated the drift of the Fram, also con- 

 firmed the simple laws stemming from Nansen' s investigations. In my figure 129, I show the wind 

 path and the drift of the Sedov from 1 September 1938 through 1 January 1939. * 



A comparison of the wind and drift paths shows that they are strikingly similar. Where the 

 wind direction is nearly constant, the ice moves approximately in one direction. Where the wind 

 direction and speed vary, the ice describes zig-zags and loops. The figure 8's described by the 

 wind and the ice between 2 and 26 September and the zig-zags between 10 and 30 November 1938 

 are particularly characteristic in this respect. Under steady winds, the direction of drift differs 

 from the wind direction only in that it veers to the right, as already established by Nansen. 



Individual exceptions to this rule do not change the essence of the phenomenon. The origin 

 of such deviations is understandable. The movement of ice depends not only on the local wind but 

 also on wind blowing nearby. Large ice fields set in motion take on a great inertia which brief or 

 weak winds may not necessarily overcome. Under the influence of the preceding wind situation, 



*The scale of the wind speed on the sketch is 50 times smaller than the scale of the drift veloc- 

 ity; in other words, in constructing the diagram it was assumed that the wind factor was 0.02. 



359 



