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 1 EARLY (-6 TO -15 DAYS) 

 ^ VERY EARLY (216 DAYS) 



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Figure 190. Anomalies of melting of snow cover in Siberia 

 in the spring of 1943 (in days). 



circumstance. Actually, under these circumstances the air masses which are carried from the 

 south into the arctic do not expend their heat along the way in melting of the snow. In addition, the 

 ground which is bare of snow acts as a good absorber of solar radiation and transmits the stored- 

 up heat to the air. 



Figure 191 shows anomalies in the break-up of rivers in the Arctic Ocean Basin. With the 

 exception of the rivers Olenyok and Khatanga, where the break-up of the deltas was retarded by a 

 slight cold spell which set in June, the break-up of rivers in 1943 occurred everywhere on an aver- 

 age of 10 days earlier than normal. In certain instances the anomalies amounted to 17 days. As a 

 rule the break-up of rivers occurred in characteristic fashion, with moderately low water levels. 

 This fact indicates that in the break-up process the most important factors were not dynamic (hy- 

 draulic pressure), but thermal (positive anomalies of air temperature). It is clear that the earlier 

 the break-up of rivers occurs, the earlier will the coastal drainage begin to exert its favorable 

 influence . 



Figure 192 shows the anomalies of air temperature over the Soviet Arctic seas in May 1943. 

 As may be seen from the drawing, all the seas (except for the northern part of the Barents Sea) 

 had positive anomalies and the anomaly exceeded the normal by 6.6° on the coast of Chuckchee Sea. 



Figure 193 shows the anomalies of atmospheric pressure in May 1943. The area of greatest 

 negative anomaly (up to 8 mb) was located north of Severnaya Zemlya. This caused an increase in 

 the transfer of air masses from west to east in the region west of the New Siberian Islands and an 

 increase in north to south movement of air masses in the region east of these islands. 



Figure 194 shows in mb the anomalies of atmospheric turbulence. It may be seen from the 

 drawing that in May 1943 this turbulence was extremely high in all the seas of the Soviet Arctic. 

 While the average May atmospheric turbulence fluctuates within the limits of 2. 7 to 4. 5 mb, in May 

 1943 the positive anomaly amounted to 2. 5 mb (Cape Zhelania). 



467 



