The folloving excerpts are taken from Reference 2, Sections II. 

 Temperature and III. Salinity, pages 2-5. 



"II. Temperature 



"Figure I- 5 shows the locations of oceanographic stations and 

 diurnal warming observations made in and near Kuwait Hartor. Fig - 

 ures V-1 and V-2 ) respectively, present typical midwinter surface 

 and "bottom temperatures in Kuwait Hartor, and Tatle 5 gives the 

 ohserved data upon which these figures are based. The usual Nansen 

 hottles and reversing thermometers were used for making the oceano- 

 graphic stations. 



"In winter, water temperature in Kuwait Harhor and vicinity 

 varies little either horizontally or vertically. The surface tem- 

 perature ranges from a low of ahout 56° F. in the southern and western 

 portions of the hay to nearly 60°F. just off Jazirat Faylakah. The 

 difference "between the surface and "bottom is of the same order of 

 magnitude; a maximum vertical temperature gradient of 3°F- was re- 

 corded at the mouth of the harhor in a depth of 26 feet. 



"This is quite in contrast to the s-ummer conditions reported 

 by Dr. K. 0. Emery for August 19^8. Observations taken by him 

 show surface temperatures in excess of 90° F, and bottom temperatures 

 of about 85 F. These temperatures result in a gradient of 5° "fco 

 7°F. in approximately 45 or 50 feet of water. The gradient increases 

 markedly farther east of Fahlhll where bottom temperatures reach 

 75° "bo TT°F. in a depth of about 75 feet. Development of this ex- 

 tremely warm surface layer probably begins in April or May when the 

 mean maximum air temperature begins to show an appreciable increase. 

 Also the general decrease in cloudiness with the advent of spring 

 provides for increased solar heating (insolation) of surface waters. 

 A reduction in frequency of frontal passages with their typical 

 gusty "shamal" type winds is another factor contributing to the 

 development of a strong gradient between the surface and bottom 

 water through the spring and early summer months. Without these 

 squally "shamal" type winds, mixing is reduced to a minim-urn. In 

 autumn, beginning in October, the processes are reversed, 



"Even in winter, solar insolation frequently raises midafter- 

 noon air temperatures to the seventies; thus it is reasonable to 

 expect some diurnal fluctuations in the water temperature near the 

 surface. The two time-depth sections taken in Kuwait Harbor in 

 January and February and one section taken off Fahihil in March 

 illustrate well midwinter diurnal warming of the surface waters 

 ( Figs. V-5, "V-6, and V-7, respectively) . These sections are based 

 on BT observations taken at approximately half -hourly intervals 



50 



