CONTENTS 



Page 



Introduction 115 



Reconnaissance Technologies 119 



Side-Looking Sonars 119 



Bathymetric Systems 124 



Reflection and Refraction Seismology 132 



Magnetic Methods 136 



Gravity Methods 138 



Site-Specific Technologies 139 



Electrical Techniques 139 



Geochemical Techniques 143 



Manned Submersibles and Remotely Operated Vehicles 145 



Optical Imaging 152 



Direct Sampling by Coring, Drilling, and Dredging 154 



Navigation Concerns 162 



Figures 



Figure No. Page 



4-1. USGS Research Vessel S.P. Lee and EEZ Exploration Technologies 117 



4-2. GLORIA Long-Range Side-Looking Sonar 121 



4-3. SeaMARC CL Images 125 



4-4. Multi-Beam Bathymetry Products 126 



4-5. Sea Beam Beam Patterns 127 



4-6. Operating Costs for Some Bathymetry and Side-Looking Sonar Systems ... 129 



4-7. Comparing SeaMARC and Sea Beam Swath Widths 130 



4-8. Frequency Spectra of Various Acoustic Imaging Methods 133 



4-9. Seismic Reflection and Refraction Principles 134 



4-10. Seismic Record With Interpretation 135 



4-11. Conceptual Design of the Towed-Cable-Array Induced Polarization System .142 



4-12. A Tethered, Free- Swimming Remotely Operated Vehicle System 147 



4-13. Schematic of the Argo-Jason Deep-Sea Photographic System 153 



4-14. Prototype Crust Sampler 159 



4-15. Conceptual Design for Deep Ocean Rock Coring Drill 162 



Tables 



Table No. Page 



4-1 . Closing Range to a Mineral Deposit 116 



4-2. Side-Looking Sonars 120 



4-3. Swath Mapping Systems 123 



4-4. Bathymetry Systems 127 



4-5. U.S. Non-Government Submersibles (Manned) 145 



4-6. Federally Owned and Operated Submersibles 146 



4-7. U.S. Government Supported ROVs 146 



4-8. Worldwide Towed Vehicles 150 



4-9. Vibracore Sampling Costs 155 



