effort now maintained by the Navy in the field of 

 underwater acoustics, nevertheless feels that our 

 understanding of the inhomogeneities of the ocean, 

 the effect of the biota and the boundary between 

 ail and water, and the effects of bottom topog- 

 raphy in terms of acoustic scattering, reflection, 

 and refraction, can be significantly improved 

 through additional research. 



Recommendation : 



Hie Navy should maintain and, as required, 

 expand its underwater acoustic research program. 



VI. TECHNOLOGY AND MARINE SCIENCE 



Basic science and marine technology have failed 

 to achieve the level of partnership necessary to the 

 advancement of many fields of marine science. 

 Only marginal attention is paid to provision of the 

 kind of modern engineering support required by 

 the growing problems of ocean science, although 

 industry has a vigorous marine and general engi- 

 neering competence. Too few engineers have been 

 brought into the Held to work on basic science 

 problems, although much technology and engi- 

 neering developed for other purposes is susceptible 

 to marine science use. This lack is limiting develop- 

 ment in some areas. The marine science com- 

 munity seems to be willing simply to use whatever 

 technology is available. Basic marine science has 

 important needs for special technology, and 

 should recognize the fact and make the needs 

 known. 



Recommendation : 



Efforts should be initiated to increase participa- 

 tion of the private sector in instrument develop- 

 ment and other marine engineering work. The 

 major academic institutions should establish, or 

 insure access to, groups with advanced engineering 

 competence to work closely with marine science 

 groups. Some technology development should be 

 encouraged purely for the achievement of a better 

 understanding of the oceans. 



VII. EDUCATION AND TRAINING 



The Nation has a healthy program of graduate 

 training in marine science, sufficient to support an 



immediate expansion in basic science. Neverthe- 

 less, over the long term, a fully developed national 

 program of basic research must be accompanied by 

 an adequate level of trained manpower. 



The basic science effort is not limited by the 

 availability of research manpower trained at ocean- 

 ographic institutions; a great many researchers re- 

 ceive their doctorates in other disciplines. An 

 important part of the arrangements for an ex- 

 panded program of professional training must be 

 provision for support of postdoctoral programs at 

 marine science research centers. 



The supply of oceanogiaphic technicians, 

 particularly of sea-going technicians and those 

 competent to operate and maintain sophisticated 

 research devices, is likely over the short term to 

 prove the most critical manpower area in the field. 



Recommendation : 



The major educational institutions should be 

 encouraged to maintain the vigor of graduate and 

 postdoctoral programs; estuarine and coastal 

 research centers should develop appropriate train- 

 ing programs in their specialties; additional train- 

 ing programs for marine technicians should be 

 created. 



VIM. INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS 



Available institutional arrangements are ex- 

 tremely diverse, and represent a sound base on 

 which can be built other arrangements to meet 

 growing needs. They are, however, not now 

 adequate to a task of the magnitude envisioned by 

 the panel. There is emerging a need for arrange- 

 ments designed to cope with the problems of "big 

 science" and those of a local nature. 



It is in the general area of facility support that 

 the panel sees some of the greatest obstacles facing 

 the research community today. 



A. The Need for Diversity 



Important discoveries have been made virtually 

 across the spectrum of scientific institutions. 

 There is no one best way to produce ocean- 

 ographic scientists or oceanographers. It would be 

 a mistake to support one institutional arrangement 

 to the exclusion of the others. It would be 

 incorrect to suggest that all or even most progress 



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