will be made in a single class of laboratories or by 

 persons with a particular type of training. There is 

 a need for various kinds and sizes of marine 

 laboratories in the Nation. 



Recommendation: 



The present variety of institutional arrangements 

 for the development and support of oceanography 

 is good and should be nurtured. Furthermore, as 

 the horizons of oceanography continue to expand, 

 new institutional arrangements can be encouraged. 



B. University-National Laboratories 



A small number of oceanographic institutions- 

 large, well staffed and relatively well financed- 

 have been largely responsible for U.S. leadership in 

 marine science. They represent a major National 

 investment. In planning institutional arrangements, 

 it is in the National interest to build on present 

 sources of strength and experience. These out- 

 standing institutions will remain a vital part of the 

 base, and will be centers around which rapid and 

 energetic growth can occur. 



There is a need for large laboratories equipped 

 to undertake any tasks of a global, national or 

 regional nature, and to institute new and imagina- 

 tive programs. 



The Nation should designate a small group of 

 institutions which should include, but not be 

 restricted to, those which today provide the 

 National leadership as "university-National labora- 

 tories." They should be distributed geographically 

 to cover different parts of the ocean effectively 

 and should receive adequate "institutional sup- 

 port," in return for which they would serve the 

 needs of those affiliated with other scientific 

 institutions. 



The laboratories should contain the necessary 

 engineering staffs and support facilities, or should 

 be able to arrange for close affiliation with 

 engineering groups. 



Recommendation : 



A small group of institutions, which should in- 

 clude but not be restricted to the acknowledged 

 leaders, should be designated "university-National 

 laboratories." They should be distributed geo- 

 graphically to cover different parts of the ocean 



and should be provided with adequate facilities for 

 undertaking global deep ocean programs in basic 

 science. Their facilities should be available to 

 scientists at other universities and Federal labora- 

 tories for related basic science activities. They 

 should be accorded adequate institutional support 

 for maintenance and operation, and in turn should 

 commit themselves and their facilities to serve 

 needs of scientific groups affiliated with other 

 institutions. Such an institutional arrangement will 

 insure that the Nation's leading oceanographic 

 institutions will be provided adequate resources 

 and support to insure their continued health and 

 vigor. 



C. Coastal and Estuarine Laboratories 



Coastal lands are some of the Nation's most 

 desirable. The problems of estuaries and near- 

 coastal areas are principally, but not entirely, local 

 or regional. 



There is a need for the establishment of coastal 

 zone research institutions in association with 

 appropriate academic institutions to provide the 

 basic understanding of coastal and estuarine 

 processes so that Federal, State, and local govern- 

 ments can have available information on which to 

 base rationally their management procedures. 



There is sufficient difference in problems be- 

 tween areas that there should be a university 

 laboratory devoted to basic and applied marine 

 science located on every major estuarine system. 

 The Sea Grant College Program is well suited for 

 the support of the complex of coastal zone 

 laboratories. It is not necessary that they be 

 identical in size and scope. 



Recommendation : 



A network of estuarine and coastal zone research 

 institutions should be established in association 

 with appropriate academic institutions to under- 

 take the basic and applied research on estuarine 

 processes so that State and local governments can 

 have information on which to base management 

 procedures rationally. These facilities need not be 

 large in size but should have adequate facilities and 

 staff sizes exceeding the critical limit to maintain 

 stable programs. Their activities should be sup- 

 ported under the Sea Grant College Program. 



1-7 



