medical profession, for example, where any ex- 

 pansion in the total numbers engaged must involve 

 first an increase in the capacity of the medical 

 schools. The conclusion to be drawn from such 

 statistics is that National oceanographic basic 

 science effort cannot be considered limited by the 

 avaOability of potential students and trained man- 

 power at oceanographic institutions. 



The supply of oceanographic technicians, on 

 the other hand, particularly of seagoing tech- 

 nicians and technicians competent to operate and 

 maintain the growing arrays of complicated sens- 

 ing, recording, and analytical devices used on 

 research ships and at research institutions, is likely 

 over the short term to prove the most critical 

 manpower area in basic marine research. Personnel 

 in these, categories are highly mobile, both 

 within the ocean science and technology field and 

 outside it to such areas as commercial fishing, 

 space science, chemical industry, and exploration 

 geophysics. Therefore, it is urgent to foster the 

 establishment of additional training programs for 

 marine technicians. These programs should involve 

 junior colleges and technical institutes, which 

 should be provided with suitable training vessels 

 and prototype examples of equipment. 



Requirements for baccalaureates in ocean- 

 ography and for baccalaureates in basic science 

 with master's degree in oceanography are consider- 

 ably less in the area of basic academic research 

 than they are in the technological and administra- 

 tive fields related to ocean exploration and utiliza- 

 tion. Such individuals are employed in research 

 organizations chiefly as scientific aides and they 

 have a higher degree of mobility than the doctoral 

 degree holders. It appears, therefore, that whatever 

 expansion in training is necessary to produce the 

 numbers required for increased industrial and 

 governmental involvement in ocean surveys and 

 ocean resource exploitation can be counted on to 

 produce numbers in this category that will be 

 adequate to meet basic research needs even for an 

 expanded program. 



The Nation is better equipped than ever before 

 in resources both of trained manpower and of 

 supporting facilities to mount an expanded pro- 

 gram of basic research on the ocean. This trend is a 

 desirable one and its continuation should be 

 encouraged. However, before such scientists can 

 become effective contributors to the expanding 



Figure 17. Research training ship Eastward, is 

 a successful experiment in training oceanog- 

 raphers at sea. Heretofore, difficulty in man- 

 power utilization was in obtaining shipboard 

 time for training. Eastward, funded by the 

 National Science Foundation and operated by 

 Duke University, has shown that training and 

 research can be accomplished simultaneously. 

 (National Science Foundation photo) 



body of scientific knowledge about the oceans, it 

 is necessary for them to acquire some firsthand 

 familiarity with the properties and characteristics 

 of the ocean environment. Such indoctrination can 

 be experienced in many ways, but it is best 

 undergone at a large university department of 

 marine science or at an oceanographic laboratory 

 or institution. Here, as a member of an inter- 

 disciplinary team, the young scientist can apply his 

 newly learned specialty to assist in the solution of 

 some problem concerning the ocean; at the same 

 time he can acquire by direct observation the 

 knowledge of the behavior of the ocean as a 

 system relating to his specialty, enabling him in 

 time to lead his own research team. Therefore, an 

 important part of the arrangements for an ex- 

 panded program of professional training must be 

 provision for support of postdoctoral programs at 

 marine science research centers. 



Although the methodology of estuarine studies 

 and coastal oceanography involves most of the 

 same basic principles and operations as the con- 

 duct of research on the high seas, it nevertheless 

 contains much that is unique to its particular 

 requirements. For this reason, a body of regional 

 specialized knowledge must be assembled and 

 drawn upon to meet the unique requirements of 

 each locality. Estuarine and coastal research cen- 

 ters should develop appropriate training programs 



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