at Harvard University,' geotectonics of the sea 

 floor at Princeton University,^ tsunamis and wave 

 run up at the University of Wisconsin,^ and the 

 geo-chemical balance of the ocean at Northwestern 

 University,'* all by men with few, if any, formal 

 ties with oceanographic institutions. 



If one assumes that oceanography is that which 

 is published in oceanographic journals, he can by a 

 perusal of the collected reprints for 1966 of the 

 Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the 

 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (two 

 oceanographic institutions by everyone's defini- 

 tion) find that some 287 articles were published in 

 more than 60 different journals, most of which are 

 not generally considered oceanographic journals. 



Although the fact that there is no simple 

 definition of oceanography is distressing to the 

 auditors and census takers of science, it represents 

 one of the Nation's greatest strengths in marine 

 science. 



Recommendation: 



The present variety of institutional arrangements 

 for the development and support of oceanography 

 is good and should be nurtured. Furthermore, as 

 the horizons of oceanography continue to expand, 

 new institutional arrangements can be encouraged. 



II. UNIVERSITY-NATIONAL LABORATORIES 



In reviewing U.S. progress in marine science 

 since World War II, the panel is struck by the 

 degree to which the health and vigor of this 

 program and U.S. leadership have depended funda- 

 mentally on a small number of oceanographic 

 institutions. These institutions— large, well staffed 

 and relatively well financed-have been largely 

 responsible for the fact that the Nation is in a 

 foremost position in the field. 



"An Investigation into the Wind as the Cause of 

 Equatorial Undercurrent," Robinson, Journal of Marine 

 Research, Vol. 24, No. 2, 1966. 



Midoceanic Ridges and Tectonics of the Seafloor, 

 Hess, Submarine Geology and Geophysics, Proceedings of 

 Seventeenth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, 

 1965. 



Some Three-dimensional Effects in Surf, Meyer and 

 Turner, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 72, No. 

 10,1967. 



Silica: Role in the Buffering of Natural Waters, 

 Garrels, Science, Vol. 148, No. 3666, 1965. 



The major centers of oceanographic research in 

 this country are those that automatically come to 

 mind when the National oceanographic program is 

 discussed. Such institutions as the Scripps Institu- 

 tion for Oceanography, Woods Hole Ocean- 

 ographic Institution, Lamont Geological Observa- 

 tory, and others epitomize the eminence of the 

 National effort. They represent a major National 

 investment. In formulating plans for suitable insti- 

 tutional arrangements for the National marine 

 science effort, it is the strong view of the panel 

 that we must build on our present sources of 

 strength and experience. The panel is convinced 

 that it is in the best National interest to do so. 



While future U.S. leadership in this field will 

 require additional kinds of institutions, these 

 outstanding institutions will remain a vital part of 

 the base of the American effort and could be 

 centers around which rapid and energetic growth 

 can take place. 



There is a need for large laboratories equipped 

 with the complex and costly facilities that can 

 undertake any task of a global, regional, or local 

 nature and have the capability to initiate new and 

 imaginative programs. It is important that they 

 have sufficient "institutional support" from the 

 Federal Government to maintain their stability, 

 thus permitting their scientific staffs to have 

 extensive latitude in determining the programs to 

 be pursued. 



One of the problems encountered consistently 

 in examining the activities of large and presumably 

 well funded laboratories outside the Federal 

 Government has been the lack of provision of 

 institutional support. Most Federal funding of 

 oceanographic institutions take the form of 

 "project" support. Project support enables the 

 Federal Government to buy specific services or 

 research from oceanographic institutions. From 

 the laboratory point of view, project support 

 creates few problems as long as it is stable and long 

 term. However, project support has not provided 

 adequate long-term stability for oceanographic 

 laboratories to maintain staff or adequate flexi- 

 bility to enable staff scientists to pursue problems 

 of opportunity as they arise. ^ Institutional sup- 



The Role of Academic Institutions in the De- 

 velopment of Marine Resources and Technology, Report 

 of the Council of Oceanographic Laboratory Directors, 

 Sept. 12, 1967. 



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