providing long-range institutional and facility sup- 

 port must be found. 



Recommendation : 



The major civil responsibility for providing institu- 

 tional and facility support should be invested in 

 the new agency recommended by the Commission. 

 The National Science Foundation should be re- 

 lieved of this responsibility. The Office of Naval 

 Research should continue to provide the kinds of 

 support it has in the past. Other Federal agencies 

 should provide limited institutional and facility 

 support. 



II. STRUCTURAL ISSUES IN IIMTERNATIONAL 

 ORGANIZATIONS 



In general, the present governmental and non- 

 governmental international organizations which 

 enable nations to collaborate on marine science 

 problems have served well. The principal inter- 

 governmental organization is the Intergovern- 

 mental Oceanographic Commission of United 

 Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organi- 

 zation founded in 1961. Other intergovernmental 

 bodies, such as the World Meteorological Organiza- 

 tion and the Food and Agricultural Organization, 

 are involved in certain science problems. The 

 principal non-governmental international body 

 which provides a forum for marine science is the 

 Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research of the 

 International Council of Scientific Unions and the 

 International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. 



Marine science affairs will ultimately require an 

 intergovernmental body at the treaty level, per- 

 haps as a separate specialized agency of the United 

 Nations. Insofar as the needs of basic science are 

 concerned, however, the Intergovernmental Ocean- 

 ographic Commission presently has the breadth of 

 charter required and provides a suitable inter- 

 governmental forum. The Intergovernmental 

 Oceanographic Commission, however, requires 

 strengthening. It now has no control of its own 

 budget. Its secretariat is too small to undertake the 

 tasks required of it. It has problems of coordina- 

 tion and cooperation with other international 

 organizations such as the World Meteorological 

 Organization and Food and Agricultural Organiza- 

 tion, although increased collaborative effort be- 

 tween the three organizations has improved 

 markedly in recent years. 



We hesitate to make recommendations with 

 respect to organizations within the International 

 Council of Scientific Unions. The basic issue to be 

 confronted involves whether there shall be a 

 separate union, dealing with all aspects of marine 

 science or whether marine science should be 

 strengthened within the existing unions. The Inter- 

 national Association of Physical Oceanography at 

 the 14th General Assembly of the International 

 Union of Geology and Geophysics in Berne, 

 October 1967, passed the following resolution: 



Resolution No. 10 



The International Association of Physical Ocean- 

 ography; cognizant of the growing need for closer, 

 inter-disciplinary working contacts in the field of 

 marine sciences; requests the Executive Committee 

 to study, in collaboration with other international 

 organizations, interested in oceanography, and to 

 report to the XV General Assembly of the 

 Association on the desirability and feasibility of 

 establishing an International Union of Marine 

 Sciences (lUMS) which would contain associations 

 dealing with sciences concerned with the ocean, 

 that is, with marine geophysics and geology, 

 marine chemistry, physical and meteorological 

 oceanography, and marine biology; resolves to 

 convene, if practicable, its XV General Assembly 

 jointly with the Scientific Committee on Oceanic 

 Research (of ICSU), with the International As- 

 sociation of Biological Oceanography (of the 

 lUBS), with the Commission on Marine Geology 

 (of lUGS) and with lAMAP, in particular those 

 sections interested in air-sea interaction problems. 



The organizational problem is complex and the 

 panel leaves the answer for the best way to 

 proceed in the future to the scientific groups 

 involved. However, we do believe that the in- 

 creased marine science activity, the proposed 

 strengthening of marine affairs within the UN, and 

 in particular the proposed International Decade of 

 Ocean Exploration requires some consolidation or 

 at least better coordination within the family of 

 scientific unions. 



Recommendation: 



Immediate steps should be taken to strengthen the 

 Intergovernmental Oceanic Commission as the 

 principal intergovernmental forum for marine 



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