identified by National and State surveys and for 

 ecological base-line studies. In general, State 

 jurisdiction of any proposed sanctuary is favored. 

 However, specific rare environments are a special 

 National resource which may need to be protected 

 and managed by the Federal Government, and the 

 Department of the Interior should continue to 

 acquire and manage such areas. 



6. Management and development of the shoreline 

 and Continental Shelf requires that State and 

 shoreline boundaries be precisely determined 

 based on geographical coordinates. This should be 

 accomplished by a Seashore Boundary Commis- 

 sion working in conjunction with the U.S. Coast 

 and Geodetic Survey, other affected Federal agen- 

 cies, and the coastal State. Authority of such a 

 commission should include making proposals for 

 clarifying whether artificial structures should af- 

 fect offshore boundaries; the impact of natural 

 and artificial coastline changes caused by erosion, 

 accretion, storms, and other processes; and how 

 best to resolve conflicts that will arise. 



II. THE NEED FOR RESEARCH AND TRAINING 



Effective management and development of our 

 coastal waters, lands, and resources require that 

 man understand and predict the consequences of 

 his actions. Although our understanding has in- 

 creased markedly in the past 20 years, it is far 

 from complete. The problems of the coastal zone 

 are diverse and require the talents of economists, 

 sociologists, engineers, ecologists, and conununity 

 planners. Although the problems are similar from 

 one part of the country to another, each estuary is 

 different and requires study peculiar to its individ- 

 ual characteristics. Moreover, manpower must be 

 trained to conduct and apply research in both 

 management and development. The Sea Grant 

 concept appears well designed to meet these needs. 



Recommendations: 



1 . A coastal zone research institution devoted to 

 basic and applied marine science should be located 

 in every coastal State and affiliated with one or 

 more academic institutions. These research labora- 

 tories need not be large but should have adequate 

 facilities and staff to maintain a stable program. 

 These groups 'can provide many of the studies and 

 information upon which Federal, State, and local 



governments can base their management proce- 

 dures. 



2. The National Sea Grant College and Program 

 Act of 1966 provides a suitable mechanism for 

 supporting the work of the coastal zone labora- 

 tories here envisioned. Accordingly, Sea Grant 

 funding for coastal zone research should be in- 

 creased over the next 10 years to provide, in 

 addition to other Sea Grant programs, institutional 

 support for 30 coastal laboratories at an annual 

 rate of about one-half million dollars each. 



3. In addition to institutional support for coastal 

 zone laboratories, Sea Grant funding should be 

 fiirther increased to provide support for research 

 problems and manpower training related to the 

 coastal zone at an annual level of about $12 

 million. 



4. Two marine preserves should be established on 

 each coast reserved for ecological base-line studies. 

 These areas shoidd be identified by the National 

 inventory and studies now being conducted by the 

 Department of the Interior. They should be 

 managed by the Federal Government. 



III. THE NEED FOR FEDERAL SURVEYS AND 

 PROJECTS 



Sound management and development of the 

 coastal zone will require the benefits which large 

 Federal surveys and projects are able to provide. 

 These do not, however, replace the more detailed 

 continuing studies at a regional or State level 

 which can focus on individual problems. The 

 Federal Government often must take the initiative 

 in projects to demonstrate the feasibility of or to 

 develop the technology. While comprehensive 

 recommendations of all surveys of importance to 

 the coastal zone are not possible, we have singled 

 out several of special significance. 



Recommendations : 



1. There should be a comprehensive inventory of 

 estuaries, coastal waters, and the Great Lakes. The 

 survey shoidd consider all phases of use, devel- 

 opment, and preservation of the coastal zone. 

 Balanced consideration should be given to poten- 

 tial for conunercial, industrial, recreational, and 

 urban development. The Department of the Inte- 



m-3 



