ESSA's shoreline mapping programs employ 

 Coast and Geodetic Survey aircraft and metric 

 cameras for aerial photogrammetry and infrared 

 photographs permitting accurate delineation of the 

 shoreline and legal boundaries. 



ESSA's tide program includes a network of tide 

 gauges to calculate and publish the times and 

 heights of high and low waters for 83 primary 

 stations. 



Observations from temporary tidal current sta- 

 tions predict average tidal currents and perform 

 circulation studies of tidal estuaries. Predictions 

 are made of the times of slack waters and the 

 times, speeds, and directions of maximum tidal 

 currents for 25 primary U.S. coastal and harbor 

 stations. Similar predictions can be made for about 

 2,000 additional locations. 



During 1968 flushing prediction service was 

 implemented in several Maine estuaries to predict 

 and control the dispersal of industrial wastes. Plans 

 call for expansion of this program in both scope 

 and size. In addition, other services related to 

 environmental pollution and its abatement include 

 air pollution potential advisories, now prepared for 

 several urban areas on a routine basis; river flow 

 forecasts by the Weather Bureau; and a number of 

 special services, such as prediction of trajectories 

 for radioactive fallout. Research in environmental 

 pollution covers estuarine studies, atmospheric 

 radioactivity, trajectories, pollution chemistry, and 

 certain aspects of air turbulence. 



The Coast and Geodetic Survey of ESSA 

 operates the National Tsunami Warning Center for 

 the Pacific Ocean area. This service was inaugu- 

 rated after the destructive tsunami of April 1, 

 1946. The Center at Honolulu evaluates the 

 tsunami potential of earthquakes reported in the 

 area and issues alerts and warnings where indicated 

 to the various countries bordering on the Pacific 

 that participate in the service. Tsunami research is 

 directed primarily toward improved prediction 

 methods consisting of mathematical prediction 

 models continually modified by tide gauge data 

 inputs. 



The Weather Bureau's Marine Weather Service 

 suppUes weather and sea state forecasts, warnings, 

 and data for the conduct of coastal and marine 

 operations. 



Weather forecast and warning bulletins are 

 issued at six-hour intervals for coastal waters up to 

 50 miles offshore. They are broadcast by the Coast 



Guard, marine radio-telegraph and radiotelephone 

 shore stations, and more than 2,000 commercial 

 radio and television stations. Dissemination also is 

 provided by nine new ESSA VHF-FM continuous 

 broadcast marine weather stations on the East, 

 West, and Gulf Coasts. Visual displays at more 

 than 550 stations also warn of approaching storms. 



The National Hurricane Warning Service, 

 operating through several Centers, is responsible 

 for alerting the public to hurricanes and other 

 tropical storms. The Centers furnish basic hurri- 

 cane advisories and bulletins coordinated for 

 prognosticated hurricane positions, tropical 

 weather outlook, and post-storm reports. The 

 Centers also conduct research and development to 

 improve detecting and predicting hurricanes and 

 the tropical weather processes leading to their 

 formation. 



ESSA's coastal radar system locates and tracks 

 ocean storms, and is a critical part of the protec- 

 tive network for hurricane warnings. Special 

 observations from the Cooperative Hurricane Net- 

 works along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts as well as 

 tide gauge networks play important roles in the 

 National Hurricane Warning Service. 



Major ESSA facilities in coastal programs are: 



-Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratories 



Physical Oceanographic Laboratory, Miami 

 Land and Sea Interaction Laboratory, Norfolk 

 Sea Air Interaction Laboratory, Miami 

 Marine Geology and Geophysics Laboratory, 

 Miami 



—Pacific Oceanographic Laboratories 



Pacific Oceanographic Research Lab., Seattle 

 Joint Oceanographic Research Group, Seattle 

 Joint Tsunami Research Center, Honolulu 



—National Hurricane Research Lab., Miami 



-Environmental Data Services, Washington, D.C. 



-National Environmental SateUite Center, Wash- 

 ington, D.C. 



—Atlantic Marine Center, Coast and Geodetic 

 Survey, Norfolk 



—Pacific Marine Center, Coast and Geodetic Sur- 

 vey, Seattle. 



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