-Intensive multidisciplinary studies of biological 

 communities in marine habitats subject to human 

 influence and exploitation. 



-Establishment of marine wilderness preserves to 

 provide a baseline for future studies. We endorse 

 scientific studies which interrelate man's activities. 

 As pointed out in Chapters 2 and 6 and again in 

 this chapter, such research should have a key role 

 in making decisions affecting the marine environ- 

 ment. The establishment of marine wilderness 

 preserves has generated considerable attention and 

 controversy. Similar recommendations, such as 

 contained in proposed legislation" of the 90th 

 Congress, are variously termed marine "preserves" 

 and marine "sanctuaries." Apparent interests in 

 these measures range from scientific research 

 through preservation of the environment to ex- 

 clude certain users for the benefit of others. 

 Existing authority to establish sanctuaries is con- 

 tained in the Federal Wildlife refuge acts and in 

 the Pittman-Robertson' and DingeU-Johnson* 

 Acts, which help States establish wildlife and fish 

 conservation zones. Also, as we have noted above, 

 the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act^ and 

 Executive Order 9634 authorize establishment of 

 marine preserves. The National Academy of Sci- 

 ences Committee on Oceanography* has recom- 

 mended two base line ecological research programs 

 along each coast. These may well serve as a starting 

 point in establishing any new sanctuary system. 



We recommend that the broad National studies 

 and inventory now being conducted by the De- 

 partment of the Interior' include the identifica- 

 tion of such sanctuaries. In general State juris- 

 diction of any proposed sanctuary is favored; the 

 Federal Government should have jurisdiction only 

 in cases outside State waters or for the protection 

 of unique National interests. 



H.R. 11584 et al. of the 90th Congress proposed to 

 establish marine sanctuaries to protect against industrial 

 development. 



^Act of September 2, 1937 (16 U.S.C. 669). See 

 Chapter 2. 



*Act of August 9, 1950 (16 U.S.C. 777-777k). See 

 Chapter 2. 



'P.L. 83-212, Aug. 7, 1953, 67 Stat. 462, 43 U.S.C. 

 1331-1343. 



"Oceanography, 1966." 



There are two surveys actually under way by the 

 Department of the Interior. Tliese are described in greater 

 detail in the next section of this chapter. 



Wastes from Watercraft, Report of the Depart- 

 ment of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution 

 Control Administration, August 1967. This report, 

 charged by the Congress in the Clean Water 

 Restoration Act of 1966, contains a study of the 

 extent of and existing control of pollution of 

 navigable waters by litter and sewerage from 

 watercraft of all types. The report, issued on Aug. 

 7, 1967, contains several important recommenda- 

 tions: 



—The control of sewerage pollution from water- 

 craft. The report identifies sewerage pollution as a 

 problem by vessels ranging from recreational boats 

 to ocean going ships including Government vessels. 

 It lists the 12 States which prohibit discharge of 

 any sewerage from recreational craft and 29 States 

 which have vessel pollution control laws of varying 

 degrees of effectiveness. The report recommends 

 legislation and a program setting standards to 

 regulate discharge of sewage from all classes of 

 vessels and watercraft. Proposed legislation was 

 introduced into the 90th Congress to implement 

 this recommendation.'" This report has been 

 criticized by the boating industry and by the 

 Association of State Boating Law Administra- 

 tors' ' for overdramatizing the effects of pollution 

 from recreational boating. For example, the report 

 estimates that 1 .3 million marine toilets are in use 

 on pleasure craft, whereas the boating industry has 

 produced records claiming that all marine toilet 

 manufacturers combined have produced no more 

 than 700,000 since they have been in business. 

 Sewerage problems from recreational boats appear 

 significant principally in concentration areas like 

 marinas. Here regulations governing discharges 

 should be implemented. Hov/ever, the determina- 

 tion of such areas and the enforcement of regula- 

 tions appears more a matter of State jurisdiction 

 than direct Federal involvement. In the matter of 

 sewerage from commercial and other inspected 

 vessels, control measures are a Federal concern, 

 and Federal inspection regulations should include 

 pollution abatement equipment and procedures. 



-The control of litter and other related solids. The 

 report recommends legislation and regulations to 



'"S. 2525 and H.R. 13923 et al. of the 90th Congress. 

 Report of the 1967 meeting of State Boating Law 



11 



Administrators, Nov. 15-16, 1967. 



III-136 



