agencies. Therefore, Federal grants to State 

 Coastal Zone Authorities for enforcement action 

 appear necessary. Estimates of required funding 

 are difficult to ascertain. A recommended figure is 

 approximately equivalent to that for planning and 

 operations or an annual level of $2 million. 



D. Research and Training 



In Chapter 9 we recommended the estabUsh- 

 ment and support of coastal laboratories and 

 research and training in the coastal zone. This 

 should be accomplished through the medium of 

 the Sea Grant College and Program Act of 1966. 

 The level of support should attain a total annual 

 level of about $27 million.' ^ 



E. Acquisition and Development 



Federal funding should be as matching grants 

 on a two-thirds Federal— one-third State basis ac- 

 cording to Federal regulations for such projects or 

 combinations thereof if they are in accordance 

 with the State or regional authority comprehensive 

 plan. Or the Federal Government may guarantee 

 non-tax-exempt bond issues by the State or State 

 delegated regional authorities provided that the 

 bond issues are in accordance with the State or 

 regional plan and are approved by the Federal 

 Government. Funding in this area is difficult to 

 estimate: The coastal andlakeshore States contain 

 a total of about eight million acres of important 

 estuarine habitat.'* Maryland and North Carolina 

 each have estimated that about 10 per cent of 

 their coastal areas and marshlands should be in 

 public ownership.'^ 



As shown in Chapter 9, Section III, this is broken 

 down as half a million dollars institutional support for 

 each of 30 coastal laboratories and overall research 

 support of $12 million. See Appendix E for a more 

 detailed analysis. 



'* Report of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to the 

 Senate Merchant Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee, 

 Oct. 7, 1966. 



I n 



Proceedings of the Inter-Agency Council on Natural 

 Resources, State of North Carolina, Nov. 21, 1967, and 

 Estuarine Lands of North Carolina: Legal Aspects of 

 Ownership Use and Control, David A. Rice, Institute of 

 Government, University of North CaroUna, April 1968. 

 Also report of Roy E. Walsh, Chairman, Maryland State 

 Board of Natural Resources, to House Subcommittee on 

 Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation, March 9, 1967. 



An extrapolation of these figures suggests that 

 about one million acres of coastal lands may need 

 to be acquired. Further, assuming acquisition and 

 matching development costs of $500 per acre, the 

 cost is about $500 million. Further acquisition 

 needed by States may be potential recreation areas 

 outside the qualifications of urban redevelopment 

 of parkland. Such areas would be obsolete port 

 terminals and industrial sites. Here estimates are 

 virtually impossible and can only arbitrarily be set 

 at about 50 per cent additional, or $250 miUion. 

 The total acquisition costs faced by State Coastal 

 Zone Authorities then becomes $750 miUion. 

 Considering a Federal share of 66 2/3 per cent of 

 the total, the Federal level of funding becomes 

 $500 miUion. Extending this over a 20-year period 

 indicates a desired annual level of Federal funding 

 for acquisition and development at about $25 

 million per year. 



VII. FEDERAL REVIEW 



Once the Coastal Zone Authorities are estab- 

 lished, review is a continuing need. It is imperative 

 that the National interests be protected and if for 

 any reason a Coastal Zone Authority cannot act in 

 the public interest, the Federal Government 

 should participate in the actions of the Coastal 

 Zone Authority. Regardless, the Federal Govern- 

 ment should have power of review. 



The Federal review role is critical. In our 

 discussions with those active in this area, we found 

 general agreement that the States should manage 

 the coastal zones; they have the responsibihty and 

 they have, or at least should have, the detailed 

 local knowledge necessary for sound management. 

 However, there may be times when the local 

 pressures will tend to force the Coastal Zone 

 Authority to act in a manner not in the National 

 interest. The mere threat of Federal review will 

 often suffice. If not, the Federal Government 

 should be empowered to act in the pubUc interest. 



Federal review would be accomplished in pro- 

 gressive stages, commencing with State notifica- 

 tion that it intends to become a "participant." 

 Here review would simply be examination of the 

 management authority or authorities which the 

 State proposes or has already established. This 

 review and subsequent reviews would be based on 

 objectives and guidelines prescribed in earlier 



III-155 



