The Panel on Education, Manpower, and Train- 

 ing carried out a year-long review of the Nation's 

 needs for education and training in the marine 

 sciences, and of the present and anticipated 

 manpower situation in marine-related occupations. 

 It was the panel's intent to describe the current 

 situation in quantitative terms and to recommend 

 specific action necessary to implement the Com- 

 mission's proposed National ocean program from 

 the standpoint of manpower requirements. The 

 panel was forced reluctantly to the conclusion that 

 accompUshment of its objectives was impossible 

 under present conditions. 



A basic constraint was the lack of reliable data 

 on (1) the present employment situation in marine- 

 related occupations, (2) current and anticipated 

 demand for persons in these fields, and (3) the 

 projected scope of future education and training 

 programs in marine affairs. There is also a lack of 

 consensus on definitions of job categories and of 

 levels of competence for work in these fields. A 

 recent survey, for example, identified some 5,800 

 persons employed in marine science and tech- 

 nology programs; yet in fact the number of 

 persons engaged in marine-related occupations 

 (commercial fishermen, shipyard workers, mer- 

 chant seamen, etc.) may be close to one hundred 

 times that number. Nor is there a close correlation 

 between the persons who have received formal 

 training in marine-related disciplines and those 

 who are actively working in these areas. The 

 transferability factor is strong here: graduates of 

 basic science curricula become oceanographers. 



space engineers transfer to marine fields, and 

 trained machinists become marine technicians. No 

 studies have been made which quantify such 

 transferability or even seek to determine the 

 percentage of graduates in marine curricula who 

 actually remain in the marine areas. 



Since the Nation does not now have the means 

 for assessing marine education and training needs, 

 the panel recommends that within the new ocean- 

 ographic agency an office be estabUshed to de- 

 velop this capabiUty and to serve a coordinating 

 function for Federal manpower and education 

 activities in the marine field. The panel also 

 recommends that the National Sea Grant Program 

 receive increased funding to a level of $22 million 

 by 1972 and that funding for other Federal marine 

 education and training programs be increased 

 incrementally over the coming years. Such pro- 

 grams should pay close attention to new di- 

 rections developing in the marine-related fields- 

 coastal oceanography, air-sea interaction, and the 

 need for teachers at the undergraduate and second- 

 ary school levels. Greater emphasis should also be 

 placed on mid-career training and on providing 

 post-doctoral education for scientists from other 

 fields who come into oceanography and marine 

 technology. 



A staff report on the present status of marine 

 education, training, and manpower is presented in 

 a study entitled, "Education, Manpower, and 

 Training in the Marine Sciences." It is included in 

 this volume as Appendix A, page IV-2 through 

 page IV-14. 



IV-1 



