concerned with quantity: numbers of persons employed, students enrolled, degrees granted, and 

 projected manpower needs. These quantitative data have tended to be both incomplete and unreliable. 

 Little has been prepared in recent years on quahty, either of the preparation being received by students 

 in the marine disciplines or the background of persons working in the marine area in terms of the 

 positions in which they are employed. In years to come both qualitative and quantitative assessment of 

 manpower in the marine sciences will be needed for most efficient use of talent. 



Considerations relating to types of programs and personnel are basically classification matters. In the 

 past, terms used to describe work categories in the marine fields have been ambiguous; among these are 

 "oceanographer," "marine scientist," "ocean engineer," and "marine technician." 



In 1967, the International Oceanographic Foundation (lOF) completed what is, to date, the most 

 comprehensive inventory on manpower in the marine fields.'^ In its study lOF differentiated two major 

 groups of personnel: (1) those judged qualified for professional work in one or more branches of marine 

 science (training or experience equivalent to a Master's degree or higher) and (2) those engaged in 

 scientific and technical work in marine science but not fully qualified to perform independent 

 professional work-oceanographic and fishery technicians, interns, students at the graduate level, and 

 non-oceanographic engineers or technicians. 



In the present study a somewhat different classification is suggested, taking into account persons 

 working in the marine sciences at subprofessional levels and distinguishing between technicians and 

 scientists holding a Bachelor's degree and those without one. The following categories are included: 



-Oceanographer (biological, chemical, physical, geological, geophysical)— training or experience equiva- 

 lent to a Master's degree or higher. 



—Ocean engineer (electrical, mechanical, chemical, sanitary, environmental, industrial, or civil)— training 

 or experience in applied research equivalent to a Master's degree or higher. 



-Ocean specialist-txummg or experience in science or engineering equivalent to a Bachelor's degree. 



-Ocean technician-tmrning or experience equal to an Associate of Arts Degree or two years of 

 post-high school training. 



-Marine craftsman— foimaX education through high school. Competency in a marine-oriented skill. 



— Unskilled marine aide— No formal education requirements. Competency to serve aboard vessels. 



—Common laborer-engaged in shore-based operations. 



-Non-science professional— ti?mmg in the social science or humanities aspects of oceanography beyond 

 the Bachelor's degree. 



-Student or intern. 



The first two categories correspond with the oceanographers and oceanographic engineers of the lOF 

 studies. The next four presumably show up in lOF statistics as well, although under different headings, 

 while the last three categories do not appear in the lOF figures. The classification of "student or intern" 

 encompasses those preparing for employment rather than at work in the marine fields. 



A Study as to the Numbers and Characteristics of How many remaining institutions were staffed with 



Oceanographic Personnel in the United States, 1967, oceanographic personnel is unknown. When follow-up 



Report submitted to the National Science Foundation, questionnaires were sent to individuals, 85 per cent 



December 1967, NSF Contract C469. Of 917 institutions returned them, 

 contacted by lOF, 441 returned lists of their personnel. 



IV-3 



