-Marine geography 



Coastal geography, marine orientation studies, geography of the oceans. 



—Marine planning 



—Marine institutions and policies 



Government and marine affairs, international politics and the ocean, maritime history. 



Few of these fields are well-developed conceptually. There are only a small cadre of experts and 

 limited courses of instruction. The Sea Grant Program is seeking methods to assist in the growth of these 

 disciplines. In addition, State and private funding should be directed toward education and research on 

 the impact of the marine environment on the Nation's socio-economic and political structure. 



E. A Suggested Hierarchy of Institutions 



The field of marine science and engineering will become larger and more complex in coining years; 

 thus marine education and training programs are likely to become more costly. To conserve teachers and 

 facilities and to raise the quality of education, particularly at the graduate level, it should be possible to 

 estabhsh a system of graduate schools in marine science and engineering, starting with a few educational 

 centers for nationwide use. 



Such centers might be associated with the university-National laboratories, as recommended in the 

 Panel on Basic Science Report. They could provide Ph.D. and some Master's training in all aspects of 

 their fields. Although training would be closely associated with the centers' contract research activities, 

 it would not be so limited. As National education centers, they would receive special funds as a part of 

 the Federal ocean program. Needed facilities could be shared wdth other institutions engaged in marine 

 education programs. 



At the next level would be regional centers, offering both Ph.D. and Master's programs. These centers 

 could both concentrate on regional marine science problems and give more attention to Master's 

 programs than the National centers. Like the National institutions, they would have their own 

 oceanographic vessels for training and research and would receive commensurate Federal support. 



On a third level are institutions with smaller programs specializing in one or two aspects of 

 oceanography or ocean engineering. These institutions might not have their own research vessels. The 

 number of institutions would vary with demand, and location need not be limited to coastal areas. They 

 provide an opportunity for original and significant applied research without the capital investments 

 needed by the larger oceanographic and ocean engineering institutions. The need for applied research 

 programs has already been recognized by the Congress in authorizing the Sea Grant Program. 



At a fourth level are courses in marine-related fields at technical and secondary schools. It is 

 important that at the secondary level the better students be encouraged to specialize in marine fields. To 

 this end, competent teachers, good textbooks, and laboratory facilities and equipment are necessary. 



iV. FUNDING ARRANGEMENTS AND NEEDS 



Means by which Federal funds are made available are: (1) direct grants or loans for education and 

 training, (2) research and development grants and contracts to investigators employing graduate 

 students, under which continued graduate education supported through research activities, and (3) 

 in-house education and training within Federal agencies. 



A. Existing Programs 



Funds for education programs are suppUed principally by HEW and NSF (both directly and through 

 the Sea Grant Program). HEW maintains several avenues for funding, through loan programs, the 



lV-11 



