Response of Film to 1,000-kvp X-Rays 
Roentgens (\000-kvp X-Rays) 
128 256 5i2 024 2048 
4 8 16 32 & 
Roentgens (1,000-kvp X-Rays) 
I 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 5i2 1024 2,048 
r T 
Super 
Ponchro- Press, 
Verichrome |. 
(DK-600) 
Kodoalith 
| 
0006 -03 a0 03 O6 O9 12 15 
EACH DOSE-DENSITY CURVE represents average of several 
(Table 1 gives roentgens to pro- 
Panchro-Press 
Type B, and Super-XX Panchromatic Film, useful up to 300— 
1,000 r, are preferable for dosage estimates; Verichrome Film 
independent determinations. 
duce various specific densities.) Super 
the difference in film sensitivity to the 
two radiations, errors in ionization 
measurements at 1,000 kvp, and experi- 
mental variations. 
Practical Considerations 
In the absence of a densitometer, 
estimates of film densities of less than 
2.0 may be made with a photoelectric 
exposure meter, or a Kodak Densiguide 
may be used for visual comparisons. 
Such methods are mere stopgaps and 
are not adequate substitutes for the 
use of a conventional densitometer. 
Monitoring by means of common 
photographic films recovered from a 
disaster area will give only approximate 
results. Dosage evaluations will be 
performed with films of different ages 
that may have been stored under 
widely differing conditions; develop- 
ment techniques will be difficult to 
standardize under disaster conditions; 
exposure to relatively soft radiation 
before and during recovery will affect 
1g 2) 
Log, Roentgens (|,000-kvp X-Rays) 
Cog =O3NO0R03506509 S125 57 852i 
24.27, “30933 
Log,, Roentgens (1,000-kvp X-Rays) 
24 27 30 33 
cannot be recommended for densities above about 2.0, cor- 
responding to about 100 r of hard X-rays. Very high contrast of 
Kodalith Ortho Film, Type 2, makes it suitable to estimate only if 
exposure exceeds 1,000 r. If processed film is clear, exposure 
was probably <1,000 r; if black, probably >1,000r 
Film, 
TABLE 2—Development and Darkroom Illumination 
Recommendations 
Development times (min) at 68° F 
Kodak Rapid Kodak Dev. Kodalith Maximum darkroom 
Kodak Film X-ray Dev. DK-60a Dev. illumination 
Verichrome 3 f _ Kodak Wratten Series 2* 
Super Panchro- 
Press, Type B 5 6 — Total darkness 
Super-X X 5 5.5 — Total darkness 
Kodalith Ortho, 
Type 2 _ 1 2.25+ Kodak Wratten Series 1A* 
* Kodak Safelight Filter in suitable safelight lamp with a 15-watt bulb, at not less than 
4 ft from film. 
+ Constant agitation. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
the results. Despite these sources of 
: 7 = 1. R. B. Wilsey, Radiology 66, 229 (1951) 
error, results of this crude monitoring 9 ‘My Ehrlich 8. H. Fite, Nucueonics 9, No. 3, 
procedure might prove of value in the 5; 9, No. 6, 12 (1951) 
: 3. L. S. Taylor, Brit. J. Radiol. 24, 67 (1951) 
absence of more reliable data. 4. “Bileste of ‘Atonle Weapoua’” (Guperintends 
i ent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C., 
ness 1950) 
This article is Communication No. 1696  §. H. O. Wyckoff, G. H. Aston, E. E. Smith, Brit. 
from the Kodak Research Laboratories. J. Radiol. 27, 325 (1954) 
207 — 
