FIGURES 



Page 



2 - Submarine Geology 



2-1. - Layers of the earth and their densities 23 



2-2. - Earth's crust consists of units moving as rigid blocks 24 



2-3. - Formation of oceanic crust at ridges and destruction 



in trenches 25 



2-4. - Bottom profile of the North Atlantic Ocean 26 



2-5. - Bottom topography chart of the North Atlantic Ocean 27 



2-6. - The hypsographic curve 28 



2-7. - Distribution of deep-sea sediments 29 



2-8. - Typical method of continuous seismic profiling 30 



2-9. - Bottom loss for "Fast" and "Slow" sediments 31 



3 - Marine Biology 



3-1. - The classification of the benthic and pelagic marine 



environment 32 



3-2. - Transparency chart of the North Atlantic Ocean 33 



3-3. - A plankton sample with representatives of the meroplankton ... 34 



3-4. - Representation of the "deep scattering layer" 35 



3-5. - Variation of effective scattering area with wavelength for 



small solid particles and bubbles 36 



3-6. - Representative fishes possessing swimbladders 37 



4 - Chemical and Physical Properties of Seawater 



4-1. - Dissolved chemical constituents of seawater 38 



4-2. - Definition of salinity 39 



4-3. - Gases in deep ocean water as compared with their 



concentration in air 40 



4-4. - Absorption of waves in seawater 41 



4-5. - Speed of sound in seawater (Wilson) 42 



4-6. - Magnesium sulphate complex in solution 43 



4-7. - Absorption of sound in seawater (Schulkin-Marsh) 44 



4-8. - Absorption of sound in seawater (Thorp) 45 



5 - The Steady State of the Ocean 



5-1. - Radiation balance in the northern hemisphere and average 



ocean surface temperatures 46 



5-2. - A schematic representation of the cellular circulation 



of the atmosphere on a rotating earth 47 



5-3. - Water movements in a wind-generated current in the northern 



hemisphere 48 



5-4. - Generalized atmospheric and oceanic circulation 49 



5-5. - Schematic diagram of ocean layered structure 50 



5-6. - Representative water temperature profiles 51 



5-7. - Wind and convective mixing 52 



VI 



