CONTENTS 



Page 



Foreword ill 



1. Introduction 1 



2 . Submarine Geology 1 



a. The Earth Beneath the Oceans 1 



b. Bathymetry 2 



c. Bottom Sediments 3 



d. Bottom Acoustic Loss 5 



3 . Marine Biology 6 



a. The Sea as a Biological Environment 6 



b. Organisms and the Composition of Seawater 7 



c. Marine Life 8 



d. The Deep Sound Scattering Layer 9 



4. Chemical and Physical Properties of Seawater 10 



a. Composition 10 



b. Equation of State and Thermal Properties 11 



c. Optical and Radio Properties 12 



d . Sound Speed 13 



e . Sound Absorption 13 



5 . The Steady State of the Ocean 14 



a. Heat Transport by Winds and Currents 14 



b. Three-Layered Vertical Temperature Structure 16 



c. Salinity and Water Masses 17 



d. Sound Speed vs. Depth Structure 17 



e. Modes of Sound Propagation in the Ocean 18 



6 . Waves in the Ocean 18 



a. The Sea Surface and Acoustic Effects 18 



b . Energy Spectrum of the Wind Waves 20 



c. The Thermocline and Internal Waves 21 



d. Acoustic Propagation and Internal Waves 22 



Bibliography 71 



