NO. 9 MARINE INVERTEBRATES, ALASKA — MacGINITIE 93 



In contrast, during the summers of 1949 and 1950 the ice went so 

 far out to sea that it was not seen during the entire season. As a re- 

 sult, during heavy offshore winds strong upweUing took place along- 

 shore, bringing up animals from deeper water, as well as throwing 

 ashore animals that were washed out of the mud at shallow depths by 

 the heavy surf. 



In the following, the first three paragraphs are samples of 1948 

 records. 



9-24-48 A wind blowing slightly north of east blew all night last night and 

 all day today. Despite the wind, the ice is coming in toward shore. 

 Moisture freezing in the air this morning. 



9-27-48 A strong ofifshore wind, causing the surface water to move seaward 

 and the lower water to upwell. This brought deeper-dwelling ani- 

 mals near the surface and near shore. By walking out on a grounded 

 ice cake it was possible to dip up several animals from a depth of 

 about 3 feet : Two octopuses of a species of Cirriteuthis, 4 Boreo- 

 mysis Jiobilis, 2 species of chaetognaths, a few annelid worms, and 

 jellyfishes of the genera Cyanea and Aurelia. Cyanca was very 

 abundant. From one ice cake it was possible to count 39 Cyanea, 

 from another 42, and from another 56. A plankton net thrown from 

 the ice cake and simply drawn in yielded a rich haul. There was 

 no surf and no animals were thrown ashore. 



9-28-48 The wind has blown steadily for two days from the northeast and 

 the water has become steadily rougher, but with ice cakes grounded 

 alongshore and more in the water offshore no animals washed 

 ashore even though the water was agitated sufficiently to make it 

 impossible to see any animals except jellyfishes in the water. 



7-20-49 The pressure ridge went out some time during the night of 7-18-49. 

 The first animals appeared on the beach this morning. They were 

 still alive in pools in the gravel where they had been washed by 

 the surf: 



7-22-49 



7-23-49 Morning : Five or six Beroe cucumis for every 10 feet of shore. 

 Arrow worms in water. 

 Evening : Many Hyperia medusarum and 3 pycnogonids. 

 7-24-49 Evening: Sarsia princeps and Sarsia flammea so abundant in the 



