586 Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant on Birds from 
24, PyRrRHULAUDA MELANOCEPHALA. 
Pyrrhulauda melanocephala Licht. ; Grant, p.411 ; Shelley, 
iii. p. 90 (1902) ; Reich. ii. p. 367 (1904) ; Butler, p. 313. 
a-e. 6. Khartum, December 31st, January 8th 
& 14th. 
In typical examples of P. melanocephala from Nubia and 
Senegambia, and of P. lewcotis trom Abyssinia, the differ- 
ences are well marked; but in a large series of specimens 
of these two species procured on the Nile at Berber, 
Merowe, Shendi, &c. we find a somewhat intermediate stage. 
These birds, though most closely resembling P. melano- 
cephala, also approach P. /eucotis in certain respects, 
having a greater or Jess number of black feathers mingled 
with the lesser wing-coverts and forming a more or less 
marked patch of black on the shoulder. These black 
feathers are entirely absent in the true P. melanocephala. 
With one exception, which shews a trace of black feathers 
among the wing-coverts, all the birds from Khartum in the 
British Museum appear to be typical P. melanocephala. 
The Museum possesses typical examples of P. leucotis 
from Upper Gallaland, Fashoda, the White Nile, and from 
Equatorial Africa. 
No doubt all the birds procured by Mr. Butler at Khartum 
and Kawa belong to the present species, while those from 
Gedaref should be referred to P. leucotis. 
25. Moraciiua ALBA. 
Motacilla alba Linn.; Reich. in. p. 299 (1904) ; Butler, 
p. 304. 
a-d. 8. Khartum, December 30th to January Ist. 
26. MoraciLia FLAVA. 
Motacilla flava Linn.; Grant, p. 411; Butler, p. 305. 
Budytes flavus Reich. 11. p. 803 (1904); Neumann, 1906, 
p. 280. 
a,b. $. Khartum, January Ist & 2nd. 
c. 6. Moradar, February Ist. 
d,e. §. Baro River, February 16th. 
These specimens are all immature birds attaining their 
