Entotympanic Muscle in the Common Snipe. 617 
itself pushed forward to raise on one side the lower mandible, 
at the same time that on the other side this same branch 
moves on the posterior inferior angle of the quadrate. 
“Lastly, the fifth muscle somewhat resembles a little 
pyramid reversed and flattened, so that I shall name it the 
Little Pyramidal. It is placed at the bottom of the orbital 
g, with which it 
seems to coalesce, although elsewhere these two muscles are 
quite separated, the one from the other, by their tendon. 
‘* It is attached superiorly by a fleshy belly to the orbital 
partition and descends obliquely from above downwards, but 
from before backwards, its fibres converging to end in a 
little tendon, which is inserted in the superior edge of the 
posterior extremity of the omoid bone close to its articula- 
fossa, but more anteriorly thau the foregoin 
tion with the quadrate. This muscle has a direction so 
oblique that it makes a very acute angle with the omoid 
bone. 
“To properly observe this muscle and the preceding one, 
you only need to remove the eyeball from the orbital fossa, 
with a large gland which is below, then without much 
preparation they appear very distinctly. 
“The use of the fifth pair of muscles is to pull the omoid 
bone forwards and a little upwards. 
‘‘The anatomical exposition of the muscles of which I 
have just spoken suffices of itself to make you understand 
that these organs all contracting at the same time necessarily 
cause the elevation of the lower mandible. Indeed, the 
first, second, and third pair of these muscles on contracting 
elevate strongly the posterior extremities of each branch of 
the lower mandible, which has the effect that the inferior 
part of the quadrate, as I have already said, is pushed 
upwards, forwards, and outwards.” 
As will be seen, the latter part of this quotation concerns 
the entotympanic muscle. 
To return to my own experiences on the Snipe, I began by 
stripping off the skin and feathers of the head, to reveal the 
exterior bones, especially those connected with the bill. Ifound 
the upper mandible to be ch efly composed of the premazillary, 
