NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SHIP-WORMS, 195 
immediately a quantity of Hermann’s solution was dashed upon them. This reagent 
kills them instantly, before they have had time to contract appreciably. They were 
then immediately immersed in mercuric chloride or Perenyi’s solution for fixation. 
After washing in weaker alcohols, specimens were preserved in 90 per cent alcohol. 
The early stages were stained in Kleinenberg’s hematoxylin. For later stages, the 
best results were obtained by staining in bulk with borax-carmine, followed by 
staining sections with Lyons blue. For the examination of the younger stages 
as whole objects, the best results were obtained by staining in a weak solution of 
borax-carmine in acid (4 per cent HCl) 70 per cent alcohol, which decalcifies 
as well as stains. 
With the exception of a few diagrams, which are indicated as such, the figures 
of sections have been drawn with the aid of a Zeiss camera lucida. In some eases, 
as in the series of transverse sections of the adult (fig. 28-35), they have been 
“touched up” afterwards. In no case, however, have they been essentially modi- 
fied, and they are in no wise diagrams. The figures to illustrate the adult structure 
have been made from specimens about 10 cm. long, which I had raised, and which 
were killed almost perfectly extended. The siphons, however, have been filled in 
from life and from preserved specimens that had been narcotized before killing. 
Tn large specimens the body as a whole and the various organs are somewhat more 
elongated comparatively, but the relations remain the same as in younger specimens. 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
Any wooden structures that one may examine at Beaufort which have been in 
the water for some time and unprotected are found infested with ship-worms. 
These are of three species, which Dr. Paul Bartsch has kindly identified for me as 
Xylotrya gouldi Jeffreys, Teredo navalis Linneus, and 7. dilatata Spengler. X. 
gouldi and T. dilatata are very abundant, while 7. navalis was found but rarely. 
X. gouldi is the most abundant of all, and is found everywhere. It may attain 
a length of 2 feet or more, though where it grows in large numbers it is so erowded 
that old specimens are often less than a foot in length. 7. dilatata | have found 
mostly in the heavier piles of wharves, where specimens may attain the great size 
of 4 feet in length and an inch in diameter at the anterior end. T. navalis I have 
found very sparingly, not over a dozen specimens among the thousands of individuals 
[have examined. These in all cases were small specimens, from which it seems that 
the habitat at Beaufort is not favorable for them and is more favorable for the other 
two species, which fully occupy all of the available places for ship-worm life. 
The water contains a high percentage of salt, and the warm season is long. These 
factors may account wholly or in part for the comparative absence of 7. navalis. 
Of the thousands of young ship-worms (under 4 inches in length) I have taken 
from boxes, all except four specimens of JT. navalis were X. gouldi. These were 
observed in, June, July, and the first half of August. Whether the absence of 
younger specimens of 7. dilatata during these three months was due to unfavorable 
locations, or the season for attachment is different from that of the other two 
species, I was not able to determine. I am inclined to think that the spawning 
season of J. dilatata is different from that of Xylotrya. 
