TUSAYAN MIGRATION TRADITIONS 
By Jesse WALTER FEWKES 
INTRODUCTION 
The observant traveler in Arizona will often have his attention 
attracted by mounds of rock and earth, indicative of former habita- 
tions, which are widely distributed over this territory. These mounds, 
which are almost numberless, are the remains of villages formerly 
inhabited by sedentary populations, and are particularly abundant 
near springs or streams. Similar remains, varying in size from simple 
hillocks to clusters arranged in regular form, also occur in inaccessible 
canyons or on the tops of high mesas. 
The architectural characteristics of ancient Arizonian ruins are not 
all alike. The dwellings are sometimes found in the form of cayes 
hewn into a soft tufaceous rock, or as cliff houses built in caverns, or 
as pueblos constructed of adobe and situated in the plains. 
The great number of these ancient habitations now in ruins would 
indicate a large aboriginal population if they were simultaneously 
inhabited, but it is generally conceded that many of them were only 
temporarily occupied, and that at no one time in the history of 
Arizona were they all peopled by the ancients. Although there is 
evidence against the synchronous inhabitation of all these villages, 
there is reason to believe that the sedentary population was in the past 
evenly distributed over the whole pueblo region, but that in the six- 
teenth and seventeenth centuries causes were at work to concentrate it 
into certain limited areas. One of these areas of concentration was 
the present Moqui reservation, to which the people of the ancient vil- 
lages were forced for refuge from their foes. The Hopi villages were 
thus peopled by descendants of clans which once lived as far north as 
the territory of Utah, as far south as the Gila valley, and as far east 
as the upper Rio Grande. In these concentrated communities we 
may expect to find survivals of the culture of many of the ruined 
pueblos of Arizona, combined with that of colonies from the New 
Mexican villages of the Rio Grande and its tributaries. The problem 
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