FEWKES] RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE OF SPANIARDS 581 
the return of the Spaniards after the murder of the padres in the 
Pueblo revolt of 1680. The Hopi abandoned Kisakobi about the close 
of the seventeenth century and moved their habitation to the top of 
East mesa, where a few houses may already have existed. At that 
time they transported much of the building material from Kisakobi, 
using the beams of the mission for the roofs and floors of new kivas 
and houses, in which they may still be seen. 
The name Walpi was apparently not applied to the settlement before 
this last change of location, which may account for its absence from 
Espejo’s list of Hopi towns in 1583. The earliest documentary men- 
tion of Walpi was ‘**Gualpi,” in 1680, or about the time the pueblo 
was moyed to its present site. Parts of Kisakobi and modern Walpi 
may have been simultaneously inhabited for several years, but between 
1680 and 1700 the rooms at Kisakobi’ were completely abandoned. 
EFFECTS OF SPANISH CONTACT 
The advent of the Spaniards, in the middle of the sixteenth century, 
does not seem to have made a lasting impression on the Hopi, for no 
account of the first coming of Europeans is preserved in their stories. 
Undoubtedly the Hopi regarded these earliest visits in much the same 
manner as they did the frequent forays of the hostile Ute, Navaho, 
and Apache, They were no doubt profoundly impressed by firearms, 
and e¢reatly astonished at the horses, but special stories of the incidents 
of that time have long ago been lost. There survive many accounts 
of the life of the Spanish priests of a later epoch, with references to 
the building of the missions, but none of the Hopi have a good word , 
to say of this period in their history. 
The influence of the zealous fathers in their attempts to convert 
the Hopi to Christianity seems to have been ephemeral. While the 
padres may have introduced some slight modifications into the native 
ritual, with more exalted ideas of God, as a whole the products of 
these changes, if there were any, can not now be disentangled from 
purely aboriginal beliefs and customs. | 
The new cult brought by the priests was at first welcomed by the 
Indians, and no objection was made to it, for toleration in religious 
things is characteristic of most primitive men. The Hopi objected to 
the propagandist spirit, and strongly resented the efforts of the padres 
to make them abandon their time-honored religious practices (as the 
making of dolls or idols and the performance of ceremonial dances), 
and to accept the administration of Christian baptism. The Hopi 
further declare that the early padres practically tried to enslave them 
or to compel them to work without compensation. They obliged the 
natives to bring water from distant springs, and to haul logs from the 
distant mountains for the construction of the mission buildings. Per- 


1 Ki, pueblo, saka, ladder, obi, locative: ‘‘ Place of the Ladder-town.”’ 
