624 TUSAYAN MIGRATION TRADITIONS (ETH. ANN. 19 
RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES FROM TOKONABI 
The Walpi clans which came from Tokonabi were, as has been 
shown, the Horn-Snake, and the present survivors of these components 
are represented by two societies of priests called Tctia-wimpkias and 
Teiib-wimpkias, that is, Snake priests and Antelope priests. 
These societies are regarded as the oldest in Walpi, and the cere- 
monies which they perform are survivals, possibly with some moditi- 
vations, of a worship practiced in the former home of the Snake and 
Horn clans at Tokonabi. The nature of the rites at Walpi in early 
times may be judged from that of their modern survivals, namely, the 
Snake dance in August of odd years, and certain ceremonials in January 
of the same years. 
SNAKE-ANTELOPE SOCIETIES 
When Walpi was founded it contained, as has been shown, clans 
belonging to the Snake-Horn and the Bear groups, and probably all 
males older than young boys participated in their great ceremony, 
the Snake dance. Since that early time the advent of other families 
has considerably changed the social connections of the personnel of 
the societies, and their membership has outgrown clan limitation. 
The expanded societies called Snake and Antelope are now limited to 
no clan, but include members of all. The chief, however, and the 
majority of the members still come from the Snake clan, and include 
all its men. The extent to which the transformation of the early 
Snake-family worship has gone, in becoming a composite worship 
practiced by a dual society with a membership from all existing 
clans. may be seen by an enumeration of the present Snake and Ante- 
lope priests. 
The existence of these two sacerdotal fraternities supports the tradi- 
tionary declaration that the original people who settled on the site of 
Walpi included two groups of clans, the Horn and the Snake. There 
is also evidence in their rites that a Bear and a Puma clan were like- 
wise represented in this early settlement, for in some of the secret 
ceremonies of the Snake dance we find both the bear and the puma 
personated. 
The nature of the ceremonial calendar of the Snake-Horn people 
when these clans came to the East mesa and settled on the terrace under 
Walpi may never be known. Many rites have been dropped in the 
course of time, or have become so merged into others that their identity 
is difficult, perhaps impossible, to discover; but there are two ceremo- 
nies of the most ancient Snake-clan rites of Walpi which survive to 
