640 LOCALIZATION OF TUSAYAN CLANS [ETH. ANN.19 
at classification. The results, however, are not satisfactory, and it is 
apparent that we must look further into the subject before we can 
devise a good classificatory scheme. It seems to the writer that all 
the plans of classification hitherto published have put too much stress 
on the external appearance of ruins and not enough on the character 
of the sites which they occupy or on the social and tribal conditions 
indicated by such sites. 
Pueblo architecture is essentially a product of the plateau country, 
and its bounds are, in fact, practically coincident with those of that 
peculiar region popularly known as the mesa country. Peculiar geo- 
logical conditions have produced a peculiar topography, which in turn 
has acted on the human inhabitants of the country and produced that 
characteristic and distinctive phase of culture which we call pueblo art. 
The region is in itself not favorable to development; in three essen- 
tials, cultivable land, water, and vegetation, it is anything but an ideal 
country, although blessed with an ideal climate which has done much 
to counteract the unfavorable features. But through a great abun- 
dance of excellent building material, the product of the mesas, and 
through peculiar social conditions, the product of the peculiar environ- 
ment, whereby a frequent use of such materials was compelled, pueblo 
architecture developed. 
It seems probable that in the early stages of the art of house building 
among these people they lived in small settlements located in or near 
the fields which they cultivated, for the pueblo tribes have always been 
an agricultural people, living principally by the products of the soil. 
In the olden days, before the introduction of sheep and cattle, they 
were even more agricultural than they are now, although at that time 
they had a food resource in their hunting grounds which is now lost 
to them. It seems probable that for several centuries the people pur- 
sued the even, placid course of existence which comes from the undis- 
tirbed cultivation of the ground, with perhaps now and then some 
internecine war or bloody foray to keep alive their stronger passions. 
In the course of time, however, other tribes drifted into the region, 
and, being wild and accustomed to the hardy life of warriors, they soon 
found that they were more thana match for the sedentary tribes which 
had preceded them. The latter were industrious, and, being more or 
less attached to certain localities, were enabled to lay by stores against 
a possible failure of crops. At the present day in some of the pueblos 
the corn is thus stored, and sometimes great rooms full of it can be 
seen, containing the full crops of one or two years. Undoubtedly the 
same custom of storing food prevailed in ancient times, and the wilder 
tribes found in the sedentary villages and in the fields tributary to 
them convenient storehouses from which to draw their own supplies. 
If the traditions are at all to be trusted, there was no open war nor 
were there determined sieges, but foray after foray was made by the 
