642 LOCALIZATION OF TUSAYAN CLANS [ETH. ANN. 19 
Spaniards found to their cost after an unsuccessful assault. But this 
location was at that time unusual, and was doubtless due to the fact 
that the people of Acoma were, like the wilder tribes, predatory in 
their instincts and habits, and lived upon their neighbors. 
When the little settlements of the first stage of development were 
compelled to cluster into villages for better protection, a new element 
came into pueblo architecture. The country is an arid one, and but a 
small percentage of the ground can be cultivated. Except in the yval- 
leys of the so-called rivers, arable land is found only in small patches 
here and there—little sheltered nooks in the mesas, or bits of bottom 
land formed of rich allayium in the canyons. Easily defended sites 
for villages could be found everywhere throughout the country, but 
to find such a site which at the same time commanded an extensive 
area of good land was a difficult matter. It must be borne in mind 
that the pueblo tribes in ancient times, as now, were first and fore- 
most agriculturists, or rather horticulturists, for they were not farm- 
ers but gardeners. Depending as they did upon the products of the 
soil, their first care was necessarily to secure arable lands. This was 
always the dominating requirement, and as it came in conflict with 
the clustering of houses into villages, some means had to be devised to 
bring the two requirements into accord. This was accomplished by 
the use of farming shelters, temporary establishments occupied only 
during the farming season and abandoned on the approach of winter, 
but located directly on or overlooking the fields under cultivation. 
The ultimate development of pueblo architecture finds expression 
in the great clustered houses which remind one of a huge beehive. 
As the wilder tribes continued their depredations among the inoffensive 
villagers, and, with the passing of time, grew more numerous and more 
and more bold in their attacks and forays, the pueblo tribes were 
forced to combine more and more for protection. Groups of related 
villages, each offering a point of attack for savage foes and rich plun- 
der when looted, were compelled to combine into a single larger 
pueblo, and as reliance was now placed on the size of the village and 
the number of its inhabitants, these large villages were located in wide 
valleys or on fertile bottom lands, the people again returning to their 
original desire to live upon the lands they worked. 
Under modern conditions, when the depredations of the wild tribes 
have been terminated by the interference of a higher and stronger 
civilization, the houses are reverting to the primitive type from which 
the great pueblos developed. But so late as ten or twelve years ago the 
Hopi or Tusayan villages were under the old conditions and were sub- 
jected to periodical forays from their immediate neighbors, the Navaho, 
Young warriors of the latter tribe ravaged the fields of the Hopi, more 
perhaps for the pleasure it afforded them and on account of the old 
traditions than from any real necessity for food as they destroyed more 
