644 LOCALIZATION OF TUSAYAN CLANS [ETH. ANN. 19 
be regarded as a migration, but the term has not the same meaning 
here that it has when applied to the movements of great masses of 
humanity which have taken place in Europe and Asia. In the pueblo 
country migration was almost an individual movement; it was hardly 
a tribal, certainly not a national,exodus. Outlying farming  settle- 
ments were established in connection with each important village. In 
the course of time it might come about that some of the people who 
used these establishments at first only during the summer, retiring to 
the home village during the winter, would find it more convenient to 
remain there throughout the year. At the present day some of the 
summer villages are fifteen miles and more from the home pueblo, and 
it must have been at best inconvenient to live in two places so 
far apart. 
The home villages can be distinguished from the summer places by 
the presence or absence of the kivas, or sacred ceremonial chambers. 
For as practically all the rites and dances take place after the harvest 
is gathered and before planting time in the spring—that is, at the sea- 
they are performed in the home 

son when the men have some leisure 
pueblos, and only such villages have kivas. 
When, from prolonged peace or for other reasons, some families 
allowed the inconvenience of moving back and forth to dominate over 
counter motives, and remained throughout the year at the summer 
place, they might build a kiva or two, and gradually, as others also 
decided to remain, the summer place would become a home village. 
As the population grew by increment from outside and by natural 
increase this village would put out farming shelters of its own, which 
in the course of time might supplant their parent in the same way. 
The process is a continuous one and is in progress to-day. The sum- 
mer village of Ojo Caliente, 15 miles from Zuni, and attached to that 
pueblo, has within the last decade become a home village, occupied 
throughout the year by several families, and during the farming sea- 
son by many others. Eventually kivas will be built there, if this has 
not already been done, and Ojo Caliente will become a real home vil- 
lage and put out farming shelters of its own. Such is also the case 
with the pueblo of Laguna, which is gradually being abandoned by its 
inhabitants, who are making their permanent homes at what were for- 
merly only summer villages. 
It will thus be seen that a comparatively small band might in the 
course of a few centuries leave behind them the remains of many vil- 
lages. In the neighborhood of the Hopi towns there are at least 50 
ruins, all, or practically all, of which were left by the people who 
found their present resting places on the summits of the rocky mesas 
of Tusayan. And with itall it is not necessary to assume great periods 
of time; it is doubtful whether any of the ruins of Tusayan are much 
more than four hundred years old, and some of them were partly 
