MINDELEFF] CHARACTER OF MIGRATIONS 645 
inhabited so late as fifty years ago. Including the present location, 
three sites of Walpi, one of the Hopi towns, are visible from the sum- 
mit of the mesa. According to the native traditions the last movement 
of this village, only completed in the present century, was commenced 
when the Spaniards were in control, over two centuries ago. It is 
said that the movement was brought about by the women of the village, 
who took their children and household goods up on the summit of the 
mesa, where a few outlooks had been built, and left the men to follow 
them or remain where they were. The men followed. 
Among the inhabited villages the home pueblo can be distinguished 
from the summer establishments by the presence of the kivas, and 
often the same distinction can be drawn in the case of ruins. In 
many of the latter the kivas are circular and are easily found even 
when much broken down. Aside from this the plans of the two classes 
of villages can often be distinguished from each other through their 
general character, the result of the localization of clans previously 
alluded to. 
The migratory moyements of a band of village builders often con- 
sumed many years or many decades. During this time subordinate 
settlements were put out all along the line as occasion or necessity 
demanded, and were eventually abandoned as the majority ot the 
people moved onward. Hopi traditions tell of such moyements and 
rests, when the people remained for many plantings in one place and 
then continued on. As a rule there was no definite plan to such a 
moyement and no intention of going to any place or in any direction; 
the people simply drifted across the country much as cattle drift 
before a storm. They did not go back because they knew what was 
back of them, but they went forward in any direction without thought 
of where they were going, or even that they were going at all. It 
was a little trickling stream of humanity, or rather many such streams, 
like little rivulets after a rain storm, moving here and there as the 
occurrence of areas of cultivable land dictated, sometimes combining, 
then separating, but finally collecting to form the pueblo groups as we 
now know them. 
There is no doubt that in addition to this unconscious drifting 
migration there were also more important movements, when whole 
villages changed their location at one time. Such changes are men- 
tioned in the traditions and evidenced in the ruins. There is a multi- 
plicity of causes which bring about such movements, many of them 
very trivial, to our way of thinking. While the climate of the pueblo 
country is remarkably equable and the water supply, although scanty, 
is practically constant over the whole region, local changes often 
occur; springs fail at one place and burst out at another; some seasons 
are marked by comparatively abundant rains, others by severe 
droughts. The failure of some particularly venerated spring would 
6 

19 ETH, PT 2 
