648 LOCALIZATION OF TUSAYAN CLANS ELH. ANN.19 
The addition of rooms on the ground floor, and the consequent exten- 
sion of the ground plan of a house cluster, indicates different condi- 
tions from those which must have prevailed when the village, without 
extending its bounds, grew more and more compact by the addition of 
small rooms in the upper stories. 
The traditions collected from the Hopi by the late A. M. Stephen, 
part of which have been published,' present a vivid picture of the 
conditions under which the people lived. The ancestors of the present 
inhabitants of the villages reached Tusayan in little bands at various 
times and from various directions. Their migrations occupied yery 
many years, although there were a few movements in which the people 
came all together from some distant point. Related clans commonly 
built together, the newcomers seeking and usually obtaining permission 
to build with their kindred; thus clusters of rooms were formed, each 
inhabited by a clan or a phratry. As occupancy continued over long 
periods, these clusters became more or less joined together, and the 
lines of division on the ground became more or less obliterated in cases, 
but the actual division of the people remained the same and the quar- 
ters were just as much separated and divided to those who knew where 
the lines fell. But as a rule the separation of the clusters is apparent 
to everyone; it can nearly always be traced in the ground plans of 
ruins, and even in the great valley pueblos, which were probably 
inhabited continuously for several centuries, the principal divisions 
may still be made out. In the simpler plans the clusters are usually 
well separated, and the irregularities of the plan indicate with a fair 
degree of clearness the approximate length of time during which 
the site was occupied. 
A plan of this character is reproduced in figure 3, showing a ruin 
near Moenkapi, a farming settlement of the people of Oraibi situated 
about 45 miles from that village. There were altogether 21 rooms, 
disposed in three rows so as to partially inclose three sides of an open 
space or court. The rows are divided into four distinct clusters, with 
a single room outside, forming a total of five locations in a village 
which housed at most twenty-five or thirty persons. The continuity 
of the wall lines and comparative regularity of the rooms within each 
cluster, the uniformity in height of the rooms, which, if the débris 
upon the ground may be accepted as a criterion, was one story, and 
the general uniformity in the character of the masonry, all suggest 
that the site was occupied a short time only. This suggestion is aided 
by the almost complete absence of pottery fragments. It is a safe 
inference that persons of at least five different clans occupied this site. 
A plan of interest in connection with the last is that shown in 
plate xx1, which illustrates the modern village of Moenkapi, occupied 
only during the summer. Here we have two main clusters and two 

1A Study of Pueblo Architecture, in the Kaghth Annual Report of the Bureuwu of Ethnology. 
