964 TUSAYAN FLUTE AND SNAKE CEREMONIES (ETH. ANN. 19 
no means exhausted the subject, as the translation of songs and prayers 
is yet to be made. 
The existence of a Snake dance among the Hopi villages was called 
to the attention of ethnologists about fifteen years ago, and in late 
years it has been repeatedly witnessed and described in detail by 
many observers, but it is hoped that the additional light thrown on 
the subject by the present studies may further advance our knowledge 
and prove an aid to more important discoveries. 
The present paper has been prepared from notes made at the Hopi 
pueblos in the summers of 1896 and 1897. At the time these studies 
were made the author was in charge of an archzeologic expedition 
sent out by the Bureau of American Ethnology, and could give but 
little of his time to ethnologie investigations. It was impossible to 
follow the complicated secret rites of the ceremonies through their 
entire course, consequently this account is limited to those portions 
which are most obscure. The author studied with care the Snake 
dance at Mishongnoyi and the Flute observance in the same pueblo, 
of which little was known save the altars. Studies of the latter were 
conducted in 1896 and of the former in 1897. Certain comparisons 
with the Walpi Flute ceremony, and new data obtained in 1896, are 
likewise introduced. 
SNAKE DANCE AT MISHONGNOVI IN 1897 
A detailed preliminary account of the Snake dance at Walpi in 1891- 
and 1893 has been given elsewhere,’ and the general features of that at 
Shipaulovi, Shumopovi, and Oraibi, as observed in 1896, are also 
recorded in a previous publication.” 
The Snake dance covers a period of at least sixteen days, nine of 
which are days of active ceremonies, secret or open. These nine days 
bear the following names: 1, Yunya; 2, Custala; 3, Luctala; 4, Paic- 
tala; 5, Naluctala; 6, Sockahimti; 7, Komoktotokya; 8, Totokya;* 9, 
Tihuni.* 
The author arrived at Mishongnoyvi on August 16 of the year named, 
on Totokya, the day preceding that on which the final dance occurred, 
and saw the public Antelope ceremony performed. He likewise wit- 
nessed the Snake race on the morning of the ninth day (Tihuni), and 
studied the altar of the Antelope priests, and certain of their sacred 
rites. The only kiva rite of the Snake priests which was witnessed 
was the snake washing on the afternoon of the last day.* 
} Journal of American Ethnology and Archeology, vol. 1v. 
*Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. 
‘The author was present at Mishongnovi on these days. 
‘Other members of the party were Dr Walter Hough, of the National Museum, and Mr F. W. Hodge, 
of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Itwas found convenient to camp at the small spring to the east 
of the Middle mesa on the trail to Walpi. As this spring can be readily approached by wagons it is 
recommended as & suitable place for visitors who do not desire to remain in the pueblos overnight. 
