988 TUSAYAN FLUTE AND SNAKE CEPEMONIES [ETH. ANN.19 
at Walpi and Shipauloyi, but less so than those at Oraibi. No com- 
plete account of the observance of this ceremony at Oraibiand Shumopovi 
has been published, although it has been witnessed in the former 
pueblo by many Americans. 
Friure Rooms 
It is a significant fact that none of the secret rites of the Flute 
priests in any of the pueblos are, so far as is known, performed in 
‘ kivas, but occur in ancestral rooms of the Flute clan. Although this 
is unusual in Hopi secret rites, it is not exceptional, for there are at 
least two other very important secret rites on the East mesa which 
are not performed in kivas. Since itis true, therefore, that at present 
a kiva is not the essential or necessarily prescribed place in which 
secret rites are performed, and as the ceremonies observed in living 
rooms are also said to be ancient, this fact may explain the absence of 
kivas in many Arizona ruins. Whatever the explanation, it shows 
that the absence of a kiva, or room set apart for secret rites, does not 
prove the nonexistence of an elaborate ritual. 
Possibly these facts may shed light on the relative antiquity of 
circular and rectangular sacred rooms, or kivas, the former of which 
do not exist in Tusayan. Mindeleff says that ‘‘there is no doubt that 
the circular form is the most primitive, and was formerly used by 
some tribes which now have only the rectangular form.” This may be 
true of some parts of the Pueblo area, especially in New Mexico, from 
San Juan river southward, where circular kivas are a marked archi- 
tectural feature; but in Arizona, from Utah to the Mexican boundary, 
no circular kiya has been found. There is nothing to lead us to suppose 
that circular kivas in the former region antedated those of rectangular 
shape, or that New Mexican clans once had them. It seems more 
likely that the secret rites were once performed in ordinary rectangular 
rooms, or dwelling chambers, of the same shape as those now called 
kivas, which ultimately were given up wholly to ceremonial purposes. 
The Flute rooms are believed to be survivals of a time before this 
differentiation, which was brought about by the enlargement of the 
religious society by the initiation of men of other clans, through which 
means the fraternity outgrew the ancestral dwelling. 
CrrrmontaL Days or THE RITE 
There are nine active days of the Flute ceremony, which are desig- 
nated by the names eiven in the following list. The author has studied 
the proceedings of the last day, called Tihune, the day of personation. 
August 7, Yunya. August 12, Soskahimu. 
August 8, Custala. August 13, Komoktotokya. 
August 9, Luctala. August 14, Totokya. 
August 10, Paictala. August 15, Tihune. 
August 11, Natuctala. 
