FEWKES] RELATION OF SOCIETIES AND CLANS 1007 
A correct determination of the relationship between the clan and the 
sacerdotal society is important if we would gain a clear idea of the 
character and history of the Hopi ritual. There is no doubt that at 
present the sacerdotal society includes in its numbers members of 
several clans, and is not confined to any particular one, Consequently 
those who conclude that the two organizations are distinct at the 
present time are justified in that conclusion; but that does not prove 
that they always were distinct. Evidently in ancient times, when all 
the inhabitants of Walpi belonged to the Snake clans, the Snake priest- 
hood was limited to that clan, and if the inhabitants of that ancestral 
pueblo celebrated the Snake dance it was, strictly speaking, a family 
affair. After the Flute, the Rain-cloud, Badger, and other groups of 
clans joined the Snake village, men from these clans became members 
of the Snake priesthood, giving the present composite personnel which 
intermarriage made inevitable. The retention of the Snake chieftaincy 
in the Snake clan in a matriarchal line of descent is one of the many sur- 
vivals of the former limitation of the Snake priesthood to the Snake 
clans. A custom in passing the pipe in the ceremonial smoking is 
another survival. The terms ‘‘father,” ‘‘grandfather,” ‘*son,” 
“brother,” *‘elder brother,” ‘‘ younger brother,” which are exchanged 
at that time do not now indicate clan relationship, as hitherto explained, 
but are survivals of a time when they did. A youth of 18 may be 
valled ‘* grandfather” by a man of 60, and when Hahawe passes the 
pipe to Wiki and calls him **my elder brother,” and Wiki responds 
‘‘my younger brother,” neither of these priests means that the other 
is his clan relative—it is the relationship of the sacerdotal standing of 
one to the other that is indicated. The terms are survivals of a time 
when they meant blood kinship, for when the ceremony was limited 
to the clan, Wiki, the chief, was ‘‘ elder brother,” or ‘* father,” or 
‘‘orandfather,” to the man who thus addressed him. The formal 
address survives, although the man using it may now belong to a 
different clan from that of the chief. 
RELATION OF THE FLUTE SocrETY AND FLUTE CLAN 
In the same way that the Snake and Antelope fraternities are or 
were directly related to, and were introduced into Walpi by, the Snake 
and Horn clans, so the Flute societies originated with the Flute clans 
and were added by them to the participants in the Hopi ritual when they 
joined preexisting families. Before the Flute clans came to Walpi, 
bringing their cultus, they had amalgamated with the Horn clans, which 
had earlier lived with the Snake clans at a place called Tokonabi. 
Naturally a result of this consolidation was a modification of the Flute 
ceremony, and the result of this influence was the likenesses between 
ills) Tore, sesule 29 

