1050 WILD RICE GATHERERS OF UPPER LAKES (ETH. ANN.19 
It is believed that an average of 1,500 souls is a safe estimate for 
the number of this tribe during the last two hundred and fifty years. 
Tue Sauk Anpd Fox 
The tribes of the Sauk and Fox Indians have been closely associated 
for a long time. They are Algonquian, and therefore kindred to the 
Ojibwa and Menomini. It is believed that they, like the Menomini, 
reached the wild-rice district before the Ojibwa, and that they and all 
their kinsmen were at one time driven westward by the Iroquois. 
These latter Indians were so fierce that the Algonquians said of them, 
**These are not men; these are wolves.” 
The Sauk have been called O-saug-eeg, Ousakis, Saukies, Sakis, 
Sacs, or **Those who live at the entry.” Warren said that they 
were called O-dish-quag-um-eeg, or ‘‘ Last-water people.”* Arm- 
strong wrote of the Osaukies, or ‘‘ Men from the white earth or clay,” 
that they came from Canada by way of Michigan, stopping for a short 
time at Saginaw (Sauganau), which was named after them. They 
soon came to Wisconsin and formed a lasting alliance with the Fox 
Indians.” 
Warren called the Fox Indians O-dug-am-eeg, or ‘*‘ Opposite-side 
people,” and says that they were driven westward by the Iroquois and 
settled southwest of Green bay, Wisconsin, where they were allies 
of the Sauk Indians. Armstrong spoke of them as the ‘*‘ Men from 
the red earth.”* The French called the Fox Indians ** des Renards,” 
and it is through the French that the English name is derived. Ona 
map of 1672, and also on Marquette’s map of 16738, they are termed 
* graGAmt,” and are located on the present Fox river, between 
Green bay and Lake Winnebago. It has been noticed that these 
Indians were in villages in the wild-rice fields of St Croix and Chip- 
peway rivers, and that later, after being dislodged by the Ojibwa, they 
resided on Wisconsin river. That they were producers of wild rice 
is unquestioned, but it is regretted that so little is known of them 
during the period when they must have depended largely upon the 
grain. 
The Sauk and Fox tribes united and migrated southwestward early 
in the eighteenth century. On good authority it was claimed in 1822 
that more than a century previous, both of these tribes, who then 
inhabited the country on Green bay and Fox river, were conquered 
and driven away by the Menomini, aided by the Ottawa and Ojibwa; 
and the Menomini title to the territory is admitted to be good by these 
other four tribes; that is, the Sauk, Fox, Ottawa, and Ojibwa.‘ 

1 Warren, History of the Ojibways, p. 32. 
“Armstrong, The Sauks and the Black Hawk War, p. 9. 
+}Armstrong, op. cit., p. 11. 
4 Morse, Report, app., p. 57. 
