JENKS] INDIANS AT GREEN BAY 1107 
twelve hundred warriors [1,200] or eight thousand [8,000] souls . . . Turning now 
to Northeastern Wisconsin we behold a wonderful contrast. Stretched along both 
sides of Green Bay and the Fox river as far south as Green Lake county was a terri- 
tory about one hundred and thirty-five miles long and of an average width of thirty 
miles, which fairly teemed with human life. In the North, and on the islands and 
along the eastern shore of Green Bay, were the Pottawattamies, a docile people, 
with a keen instinct for trade, who were seeking to become the middlemen in the 
commerce between the French and the tribes farther west; they numbered not less 
than fiye hundred warriors [500].1_ Across the bay were the Menominees, settled 
upon the river of the same name, a brave but peaceful people. 
Charlevoix said of the Menomini,’ *‘ they are very fine men and the 
best shaped in all Canada.” Cadillac is very flattering in his remarks 
of them.*® At the mouth of the Fox river was a mixed village gathered 
from four or five different tribes; a little distance up the river were 
the Winnebago. Mr Hebberd thinks that the number of the Winne- 
bago, Menomini, and of the mixed village, could not haye been less 
than 600 warriors. On the west side of Fox river were the Sauk, who 
numbered 400 warriors. <A little way up the Wolf river were the Fox 
Indians, who numbered about 800 warriors, while southwest of these, 
on Fox river, was the great palisaded town where the Maskotin and 
Miami dwelt peacefully together. ‘* Farther on, enveloped in the 
wild rice marshes, were other towns of the Kickapoos and Mascoutins; 
all of these tribes together could not have numbered less than the 
Foxes [800 warriors].”* ‘* Here then in this narrow strip of territory 
was a population of thirty-one hundred [3,100] warriors, or at least 
twenty thousand [20,000] souls, nearly three times the number that 
roamed in the vast expanse of surrounding solitude.” ° 
Nothing is claimed for the absolute value of the figures in the fol- 
lowing estimates. Only their relative value is here considered. 
Inasmuch as the figures in each table are taken from the same investi- 

'‘Hebberd based his estimate, in part at least, on the statement that 300 warriors from this tribe 
came to Allouez at one time at Chequamegon bay (Allouez, Relations des Jésuites, 1667). 
Pére Gabriel Dreuillettes said that they had 700 warriors, or 3,000 souls; besides, there were with 
them 100 men of the Tobacco nation (Relations des Jésuites, 1658, p. 21). This statement seems fully 
to justify Mr Hebberd’s estimate. 
2 Charlevoix, Journal, vol. 11, letter Xx, pp. 291, 292. 
3“Tes Malhominy ou Folles Avoines sont ainsiappelez a cause de la riviére ov leur village est situé, 
qui produit une quantité prodigieuse de folle avoine, qu’ils recueillent et ramassent comme nous 
faisons nos bleds . . . Cette nourriture est saine . . . Ils ne sont pas si bazanez que les autres, et s’ils 
ne se graissoient pas, ils surpasseroient les Francois en blancheur. Les femmes sont aussi assez jolies 
et plus humaines que celles de leurs voisins’’ (Margry, Decouvertes, vol. vy, p. 121). 
4Perrot, Memoire sur les Moeurs . . . des Sauvages, p. 127, gives the population of the principal 
town of the Maskotin and Miami as 4,000 souls; and Allouez, Relations des Jesuites, 1670, gives it as 
800 warriors. See also map of the year 1670-71, in Relations des Jésuites, for distribution of Indian 
tribes in the Green bay district. 
5 From facts already given, Mr Hebberd seems justified in his estimate of the Indian population in 
the wild-rice district of eastern Wisconsin about the year 1670. At any rate, the thesis of this para- 
graph, which Mr Hebberd’s facts are here given to substantiate, can hardly be doubted thus far. 
The population of the wild-rice district of the sources of the Wisconsin, Chippewa, and St Croix 
rivers, of the eastern branches of the Mississippi river, and the southern and western feeders of 
Lake Superior is not numbered in his estimate. Ata very low figure it had 8,000 souls. 
For the disposition of these various tribes see Map of New France (parts of the United States and 
Canada) 1616-1791, to illustrate The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, with volume I of Thwaites: 
edition of Jesuit Relations. 
