lOfi THE NAUTILUS. 



nothing especially new about this conclusion, since it was reached by 

 Gray in 1847 (P. Z. S., p. 17G), and lias been held by Pfeiffer, by 

 Von Martens (Die Hel. 18G0, p. 290), and nearly every one else. 

 Tiiere have been differences of opinion about the limits ot the group 

 Fupilla, but never about its type. Among American writers, Morse 

 and Tryon have used Pupilla as a generic name. 



Ahida was next removed from Janiinia. This is the group com- 

 monly known as Torqiiilla. Then in 1837 Eucore was proposed for 

 the species tridens and quadridms {heterostropha Risso). These suc- 

 <;essive eliminations leave only the group Lanria Gray, represented 

 by J. maryinata Risso (= Pupa umbilicata Drap.) to bear the name 

 ■Jaminia.* 



From the foregoing it follows that the name Pupilla will replace 

 Pupa^ as Prof. Cockerell has held. The groups represented in 

 Jaminia Risso, will stand thus: 



Pupilla Lch. in Turton, for Pupa of authors. 



Jaminia Risso, restricted, for Lauria Gray. 



Ena Leach in Turton, for Bvlimimis Auct. 



Abida Leach in Turton, ior Torquilla Auct. 



p]ucoRE Ag. in Charp., for Glwndrula Auct. 

 . All of these groups I regard as of generic rank. 



As to Saraphia Risso, the only species of the group that has been 

 positively identified is S. tridentata, which is the Gurychium tridenta- 

 ium of recent authors. 



After a bout with Risso, one is likely to accept as a just one Bour- 

 guignat's estimate of his abilities : " Ecrivain fecond, mais sans juge- 

 ment, innovateur infatigable, mais absurde, Risso a embrasse dans 

 ses ecrits presque toutes les branches de I'histoire naturelle, sans en 

 avoir bien trait^ une seule." 



Tlie group Alcea Jeffreys, 1830, has been discussed by Professors 

 Dall and Cockerell, who agree that its type must be Pupa minu- 

 tisslma Hartm. It does not do to fix types for these old groups 

 without reference to what has been done by our predecessors. Gray 

 and Ilerrmannsen took a hand in this game over fifty years ago, and 

 they expressly selected Aleea pulustris = Vertigo antivertigo as the 



* The progress of events had already restricted Jaminia before Gray chose J. 



heterostropha for its type (P. Z. S , 1847, p. 176). His selection came too late 

 and is ineffective. 



