THE NAUTILUS. 113 
Strebel and Pfeffer, von Martens and Crosse and Fischer, toward a 
better understanding of it. 
With all of this good work, there has remained a vast amount of 
confusion. Thus authors almost universally separate Orthalicus as 
a family distinct from Bulimulide ; but, in reality, it constitutes 
merely a generic group of that family. No anatomical or shell 
character can be shown, of greater than generic value, between 
Orthalicus and Drymeus. 
Again, the genus “Bulimus” of all authors contains forms belong- 
ing to two families—Helicide and Bulimulide. 
The forms generally grouped under the name Bulimulus have 
been shown by von Martens to fall into two groups, based on the 
character of the jaw: Bulimulus and Otostomus. Crosse and 
Fischer have made the same division, calling the two groups Ortho- 
tomium and Goniognathmus. These correspond to the two Martens- 
ian groups, the first having a vertically plaited jaw, the second has 
the plates angularly converging toward the middle. 
Binney has shown that there exist two styles of teeth, and these 
correspond to the two forms of jaw, and constitute a far more useful 
character, as the jaw forms intergrade pretty completely. 
It has not hitherto been noticed that there are certain characters 
in the shells, and especially in the sculpture of the apices, by which 
the two groups, or genera, may be distinguished.’ 
In the following synopsis, the leading sections are enumerated, 
arranged as they fall into groups according to the sculpture of the 
apices. Of course it is not proposed to base a classification on this 
single character. 
Certain rectifications and substitutions demanded by the law of 
priority, and by the proper restriction of the subgenera to species 
allied to their types, have been made. 
Genus Bulimulus Leach, 1814. 
The species of Bulimulus are terrestrial snails, zestivating or hy- 
bernating in the ground, crawling on the ground or on plants in 
damp weather. There are three distinct types of apical sculpture, 
as follows: 
1The only especial notices of the apical sculpture of Bulimuli which I have 
noticed are by the writer, Nautilus, viii, 1894, p. 35, and by Dall, Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893. Martens also figures a few apices on the last plates of 
the ‘ Biologia.” 
