34 THE NAUTILUS. 
Heterodonax bimaculata is not only collected at San Pedro all the 
year round, but is reported as far north as Anacapa Id.—one of the 
Channel Islands—off Ventura Co., California. Fossil species of 
Psammobiidee of the Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene formations are 
listed. A long list of shells that have been incorrectly named are 
appended under the title “Synonyms and Corrections.” Some idea 
of the confusion which must have existed among some of the fossils 
of this family may be inferred when we find no less than five names 
have erroneously been bestowed upon Heterodonax bimaculata Lin. 
Dr. Dall’s revision will be especially valuable to conchologists on 
the S. Atlantic and Pacific Coasts— MM. B. W. 
On tHe MoprricaTions OF THE APEX IN GastRoPOD MoL- 
Lusks, by Frank C. Baker, (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1X, 1897). 
The apices of numerous species, including representatives of the 
main families of Gastropoda are described and illustrated by three 
plates of outline figures, drawn by the author. No considerable 
departures from a simple form occurred except in the Rhachiglossa. 
THE Post-PLIOCENE NON-MARINE Mo.uusca oF Essex, by A. 
S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward, (Essex Naturalist, X, 1897, pp. 
87-109). ‘This extensive paper apparently covers the subject in a 
thorough manner. Individual variation in the Pleistocene was even 
more marked than at the present day. The absence of Helix 
pomatia furnishes additional proof of the theory that it is post- 
Roman in its introduction into England; but H. aspersa has been 
recognized from pre-Roman deposits. Hulota fruticum (now extinct 
in England) occurs; and Cyclostoma elegans was more widely dif- 
fused than at present. Some of the fossil species are more boreal in 
the modern fauna ; however there are also some species more south- 
ern in present distribution, so that a colder climate is not necessarily 
to be predicated. Helicella caperata is the only species which has 
increased in size since the Pleistocene, all the other forms having 
certainly diminished. “ There can be no doubt that the Pleistocene 
molluscan fauna was in every way a finer one than that now exist- 
ing,” a conclusion of considerable interest, agreeing as it does with 
the mammalian fauna, which however has, of course, been affected 
by human intervention. The comparative age of the several expos- 
ures is fully discussed. 
Another paper, “ THe Mo.iusca oF THE ENGLISH CAVE DEPos- 
its” by the same authors, appears in Journ. Malac. Soc. Lond., 
