114 THE NAUTILUS. 
In North America, Europe and Siberia these shells are known as 
Conulus; in middle and South America as Guppya ; in India and 
the Orient generally they bear the names Sttala and Kaliella ; wins 
still other names cover species of Polynesia, ete. 
Belonging to the great family, Zonitide, these are among the least 
known snails of that group. The anatomy of only a few species has 
been investigated ; the limits of specific variation are ill understood ; 
and while it is moderately certain that there are several genera, still 
the boundaries and contents of them remain to be decided. 
Of the several generic names mentioned above, Conulus of Fitzinger 
(1833) is the oldest,* the type thereof being the familiar, though not 
well known, Helix fulva. 
Herr Reinhardt} was, I believe, the first to point out the fact that 
under C. fulvus of European authors, more than one species was in- 
cluded. He distinguished two: the true C. fulvus, living in the 
woods, and a new one, C. praticola, whick is darker colored, brownish 
yellow, very glossy, the height very nearly equalling the diameter, 
whorls rounder, the keel almost wholly disappearing, the mouth less 
wide but higher, and the base shows distinct spiral striation. It lives 
in meadows. 
Bourguignat,{ dealing with the forms of southern and western Eu- 
rope and northern Africa, agrees with Reinhardt as to the identity of 
the typical fwlvus ; and, ignoring C. praticola, he recognizes and 
defines some eight species inhabiting this area, all but two of them, 
fulvus Mull, and Mortonz Jeffr., being new. This, however, seems 
to be rather an extreme view, and it is likely that there are not more 
than half this number, if so many as that, in Europe. 
A number of forms have been described from Japan ; but, like the 
Japanese Helices, Clausilias and most other snails, they apparently 
belong to Chinese and Indian types, rather than to the C. fulvus 
group. The senior species, H. pupula Gould, is far larger than ful- 
vus, measuring some five mm. in height. 
In America, Thomas Say defined two forms: Helix chersina, based 
upon one hardly mature specimen from the Georgia Sea Islands, and 
H. eaena, from a locality in the suburbs of Philadelphia. Both of 
these have been considered synonyms of C. fudvus. In 1883 Herr 
*Syst. Verzeich. Oesterreich Weichtiere, p. 94. The group originally con- 
tained some Helices also. 
+Sitzungsber. Ges. naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 1883, p. 40. 
3ull. Soc. Malac. de France, VII, 1890, p. 325-338, plate 8. 
