of these flow freely except when a common enthusi- 

 asm has been generated on both sides . Perhaps 

 this is the part that takes the greatest skill. 

 Anyway, it is plainly evident in the history of 

 any technical success that at least one person 

 has inspired technical people on both sides of 

 traditional barriers. 



Examples are many of individuals who trans- 

 gressed the limits of specialization to acceler- 

 ate the rate of progress. 



1. Fridtjof Hansen first was a zoologist. 



He became a polar explorer and later a Professor 

 of oceanography at Oslo. As I have already men- 

 tioned, Nansen's contact with the Eichter family 

 is probably what perpetuated their interest in 

 ocean measurement . 



2. Admiral Fitzroy was a skilled naval offi- 

 cer, meteorologist and expedition leader. He was 

 master of the BEAGLE made famous by Darwin. He 

 induced Negretti and Zambra to perfect the barome- 

 ters and thermometers needed in oceanography. 



He too is the one who brought the primitive Terra 

 del Fuegans to England to investigate experi- 

 mentally the effect of sudden exposure to 

 civilization. 



3. William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) is known 

 for his marine galvanometer and other "cable 

 readout transducers" as we would call them today. 

 Physicists remember him for his enunciation of 

 the second law of thermodynamics but he also per- 

 fected the Kelvin oceanographic "sounding 

 machine," long used. 



k. Karl Siemens (later Sir William) was an 

 industrialist; an electrical engineer who 

 pioneered the "dynamo." He associated with the 

 whole electrical world of his day. Nevertheless, 

 he designed the cable ship, FARADAY, and assisted 

 in outfitting the CHALLENGER. His brother, 

 Walter, founded the famous Siemens-Haske firm. 



5. Finally, we must mention that Samuel 

 Morse, who certainly was concerned with electri- 

 cal transducers, became so involved in pulling 

 his invention together from all available sources 

 that he was severely criticized. 



CONCLUDING REMARKS 



ID 



principle" that first gave a rational direction 

 to those who must work at the sealing and closing 

 of pneumatic and hydraulic things. He too has 

 just written a philosophical book." With great 

 sincerity he searches his own vast research expe- 

 rience for connections between the reading of an 

 instrument and an undefinable basic criterion of 

 civilization that he calls "integrity, " for want 

 of a better word. He returns repeatedly in his 

 arguments to the response of an instrument . And 

 you must note that this is an "instrument man's 

 instrument man . " Among many other things Pro- 

 fessor Bridgman has written the definitive, even 

 classical, work on the physics of high pressures .- 

 His techniques have been translated to geological 

 pressures and ultimately to ways for making arti- 

 ficial diamonds . 



Finally, the radiocarbon people and archeolo- 

 gists several times have moved backward the birth 

 date of man. A recent estimate!! indicates man 

 has been distinguishable for no less than 

 1.75x10° years. What is pertinent here is that 

 it is by his tools that man is recognized from 

 other animals . When we find a slender, glass 

 arrow point penetrating a bison's skull, we just 

 don't consider this the doings of a monkey. 



Of course, you are quite aware by now that I 

 get some personal enjoyment from hearing how our 

 scientific heroes have responded to instrument 

 building problems. This is true, and I perhaps 

 generalize a little too much when dwelling on 

 this pet subject. In conclusion I will try to be 

 more specific but, unfortunately, I may not be 

 any easier to follow. I will indicate by use of 

 a hypothetical case just how ramified an instru- 

 ment problem may become. 



People study bats to learn about radar, an 

 instrument. Similarly, some people who are 

 interested in sonar (likewise an instrument 

 system) study fish and porpoises. 2 Let us 

 start by considering what chain of events (and 

 thoughts) a study of porpoises might involve. 



Let us first assume, for sake of a starting 

 point, that the first attention came from an 

 accidental eavesdropping on porpoises at sea. 

 Immediately curiosity is raised as to what sort 

 of sonic transducers might have produced these 

 signals and what sort received them. These are 

 considerations related to instrumentation. 



It is currently popular to drag instrument 

 discussions deeply into philosophy. I will 

 indulge a bit for my conclusion. 



Dr. Norbert Weiner of M.I.T. very convincingly 

 compares human reactions with servo responses 

 and vice versa. He and others look into "feed- 

 backs, " memories and computer systems for keys 

 to man's way of thinking. 



Again, Professor P. W. Bridgman of Harvard is 

 a physicist who is noted for great breadth of 

 interest. He is particularly well remembered by 

 all instrument men for his "unsupported area 



Then, it may appear that this animal is not 

 "transducer-restricted" but perhaps is limited 

 by the reverberation that is so common in the sea. 

 This decision also requires instrument experience, 

 of course. It may follow that this animal's 

 highly refined computer element is an exception- 

 ally competent one, apparently capable of 

 resolving and analyzing extremely complex signals. 

 So perhaps he makes use of this reverberation by 

 superb analysis and memory. 



We flatter ourselves in recognizing in the 

 porpoise traits that we believe are advanced, 

 that is, "human-like." We note especially the 



