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Other Energy Fluxes depend on the ground temperature, the 



atmospheric situation, the solar zenith angle, and surface albedo. 



ESENS (W/m 2 ) sensible heating 



ESOLR (W/m 2 ) net solar heating into the ice 



ETHRM (W/m 2 ) net thermal heat out of the ice 



Net Energy Fluxes into the ground (or ice) are calculated as 



ENET (W/m 2 ) = EPRCP + ESOLR - ETHRM - ESENS - EVAP - ERUN 



If ENET is negative, the temperature of the ground snow or ice is 



reduced. If ENET is positive, snow and ice are warmed until they 



reach 0°C. At that point, snow is melted; after all the snow is 



melted, the remaining energy melts ice. The melted ice is 



accumulated in the diagnostic MANDC. 



Melting and Compacting of glacial ice is a diagnostic of the 



GCM called MANDC (kg/m 2 s), which is positive for melting. The 



following equality holds: 



d (SNOW + WATER + ICE) = PRCP - EVAP - RUNOFF + MANDC. 

 dt 



SNOW, WATER, and ICE pertain to the first 4 meters in the ground. 



MANDC comes from the ice below the first 4 meters. Averaged over 



an annual cycle in a run which has achieved equilibrium, d (SNOW 



dt 

 + WATER + ICE) should be nearly zero. There is energy associated 



with MANDC. 



EMANDC (W/m 2 ) = MANDC * [T(°C) * SHI - LHM] , [SHI = 2060 (J/kg°C)] 



and an equation (for ice). 



