c. Ship captains or leaders of field parties of such expe- 

 ditions 



d. Persons whose contributions to the knowledge of the 

 Arctic either have advanced our knowledge of Antarc- 

 tica or have expanded the possibilities of antarctic ex- 

 ploration 



e. Persons who have made outstanding contributions to 

 equipment for polar exploration 



f. The directors or heads of learned societies that have 

 given significant support or made material contributions 

 to antarctic exploration 



g. Persons who by substantial contributions of funds or 

 supplies have made possible an antarctic expedition 



h. Persons who have done outstanding work in the utili- 

 zation of data, identification of specimens, or interpre- 

 tation of the results of antarctic exploration 



3. Third-order features 



a. Persons who have assisted in the work of organizing or 

 conducting antarctic exploration, or who have assisted 

 in analysis of information gathered in the course of such 

 exploration 



b. Members of expeditions, including ship-based person- 

 nel 



c. Persons whose contributions to knowledge in their re- 

 spective fields have facilitated the discovery, recogni- 

 tion , identification . or recordi ng of antarctic phenomena 



d. Teachers or administrators in institutions of higher 

 learning who have contributed to the training of polar 

 explorers 



e. Persons who have made material contributions in any 

 form to antarctic expeditions, and who have by their 

 words or actions demonstrated an interest in further 

 scientific research rather than in seeking commercial 

 exploitation of such contributions 



Application of nonpersonal names 



Names in the following categories may be applied to a feature 

 in any order of magnitude with which there is association. 

 Examples of nonpersonal names are: 



1. Names that commemorate events (e.g., Charcot's Deliv- 

 erance Point and Nordenskjold's Hope Bay) 



2. Names of ships from which discoveries have been made 

 (e.g.. Cape Gronland and Cape Norvegia) 



3. Names of organizations that have sponsored, supported, or 

 given scientific or financial assistance to antarctic expedi- 

 tions (e.g.. Royal Society Range, Admiralty Mountains. 

 Banzare Coast) or names of institutions of higher learning 

 that have contributed to the training of polar explorers 



4. Names peculiarly descriptive of the feature (e.g.. Deception 

 Island, Mount Tricorn, or Three Slice Nunatak); descriptive 

 names not unique or particularly appropriate and for which 

 there are likely to be duplicates are undesirable 



5. Any other nonpersonal name that because of its acknowl- 

 edged importance occupies a major role in antarctic explo- 

 ration or history (e.g.. Mount Glossopteris) 



Criteria of appropriateness 



1 . Newly proposed names will be considered for first, second, 

 or third-order features in the light of their appropriateness, 

 as evidenced by the following factors arranged in order of 

 weight: 



a. Chronological priority of discovery, naming, or other 

 relevant action 



b. Actual association of the person, ship, or organization, 

 event, etc., with the feature 



c. Association of the person, ship, organization, event, 

 etc., with other polar exploration 



d. Contribution of the person to the knowledge of Ant- 

 arctica 



e. Association of the person, ship, organization, event, 

 etc., with other polar exploration 



f. Contribution of the person to relevant fields of knowl- 

 edge 



g. Extent to which financial or material contributions have 

 contributed to the success of an expedition or to the 

 collection of valuable scientific data 



h. Previous recognition through a geographic name in Ant- 

 arctica 



( 1 ) It is advisable in future naming in Antarctica to 

 apply the name of one person to only one feature 



(2) To avoid confusion, the names of persons having 

 the same surname should be applied to no more 

 than one feature of a kind 



i. The possibility of ambiguity or confusion with names 

 already in use 



(1) The duplication of names in use is undesirable 



(2) Since descriptive names are often ambiguous and 

 easily duplicated, they should be avoided, unless a 

 descriptive name is peculiarly appropriate 



(3) The duplication in Antarctica of names well known 

 in other parts of the world is undesirable even though 

 qualified by adjectives such as "new," "south," 

 and "little" 



2. Names already in use will be considered in the light of: 



a. Appropriateness, as outlined above 



b. Wideness of acceptance, as evidenced by extended use 

 on maps and in literature. Usage considered sufficiently 

 fixed and/or unanimous may be accepted as valid grounds 

 for approval of a name that otherwise would not qualify. 



Recommended language and form 



In keeping with long-established policies based upon trends in 

 the normal evolution of geographic names, consideration will 

 be given to brevity, simplicity, and unambiguity in selecting 

 the form of names derived by these procedures: 



