GEOGRAPHIC NAMES OF ANTARCTICA 



Terror Gulf and attempting penetration of Wed- 

 dell Sea. 



1841-42. United States sealing expedition. 

 Leader: Capt. William H. Smyley. Ship: Ohio. 

 Summary: Sealing in South Shetland Islands and 

 along west coast of Palmer Peninsula. Some of 

 Smyley's explorations in Palmer Archipelago may 

 antedate investigation of the islands by Dallmann. 

 A reading of —5° F. was reported by Smyley from 

 the minimum thermometer, left at Deception 

 Island by Captain Foster in 1829, which he found 

 there. This was the lowest temperature reported 

 for Antarctica until 1898. 



1845. British expedition. 

 Leader: Lt. T. E. L. Moore, RN. Ship: Pagoda. 

 Summary: Sponsored by British Admiralty. 

 Sailed from Cape Town to Albany, Australia, for 

 purpose of magnetic observations in south Indian 

 Ocean. Observations made from about 4°E. to 

 about 98°E., south of 60°S. No claim of land 

 sighted. 



1853-54. United States expedition. 

 Leader: Capt. John J. Heard. Ship: Oriental. 

 Summary: Discovered Heard Island on November 

 25, 1853, while on voyage from Boston to Mel- 

 bourne. 



1853-54. British expedition. 

 Leader: Captain McDonald. Ship: Samarang. 

 Summary: Discovered McDonald Islands January 

 3, 1854. 



1855-56. United States sealing expedition. 

 Leaders: Captains Erasmus Darwin Rogers and 

 Franklin F. Smith. Ships: Corinthian and 

 Laurens, with tenders Atlas, Exile, Franklin and 

 Mechanic. 



Summary: Sent out by Perkins and Smith, whalers 

 of New London, Conn.; Rogers in the Corinthian 

 made the first landing on Heard Island in March 

 1855. His report of numerous elephant seals to 

 his employers caused Smith in the Laurens to join 

 him at Heard Island. Together they engaged in 

 extensive sealing operations, and exploration and 

 mapping of the island. 



1857. United States sealing expedition. 

 Leader: Capt. Henry Rogers. Ship: Zoe. 

 Summary: Shore party of 25 men engaged in ele- 

 phant sealing operations; the first party to winter 

 on Heard Island. 



1873-74. German expedition. 



Leader: Capt. Eduard Dallmann. Ship: Gron- 



land. 



Summary : Sponsored by Albert Rosenthal and the 

 German Society for Polar Navigation. Dallmann 

 combined sealing and exploration in the South 

 Shetland Islands and along the west coast of 

 Palmer Peninsula, especially in the Palmer Archi- 

 pelago. Returned north via South Orkney Islands. 



1874. British expedition. 



Leaders: Capt. George S. Nares, RN, and Prof. C. 

 Wyville Thomson. Ship: Challenger. 

 Summary: Sponsored by the British Admiralty in 

 cooperation with the Royal Society as part of a 

 world-wide cruise, 1872-76, for oceanographic ob- 

 servation. Antarctic waters were penetrated in 

 February 1874 when Heard and McDonald Islands 

 were visited. They published what long remained 

 the standard chart of Heard Island. From Heard 

 Island they sailed southward to 66°40'S., 78°22'E. 

 on the outer margin of Prydz Bay. The ship re- 

 mained south of 60°S., skirting the pack eastward 

 to about 99°E., off Queen Mary Coast, then re- 

 treated northward. The mainland was not 

 sighted. 



1874. German expedition. 

 Leader: Captain von Reibnitz. Shi.': Arkona. 

 Summary: Investigated Kerguelen and Heard 

 Islands as possible site for German base for the 

 observation of the Transit of Venus. 



1882-83. German expedition. 

 Leader: Dr. K. Schrader. Ships: Moltke and 

 Marie. 



Summary: This expedition, the German group of 

 the International Polar Year Investigations, estab- 

 lished a base and wintered at Moltke Harbor, South 

 Georgia. Took meteorological, magnetic, and 

 astronomical observations and charted Royal Bay 

 area. 



1892-93. Dundee (Scottish) whaling expedition. 

 Leaders: Captains Alexander Fairweather, Robert 

 Davidson, Thomas Robertson and James Davidson. 

 Ships: Balaena, Diana, Active and Polar Star. 

 Summary: A whaling expedition sent out by R. 

 Kinnes of Dundee on which the ship's doctors, Wil- 

 liam S. Bruce and C. W. Donald acted as natural- 

 ists. Ships sailed from Falkland Islands to north- 

 west part of Weddell Sea. Only the Active did 

 actual exploring, discovering the channel between 

 Dundee and Joinville Islands and making investi- 

 gations in Erebus and Terror Gulf. Bruce on the 

 Balaena succeeded in making incidental but valu- 

 able observations. 



1892-93. Norwegian whaling expedition. 

 Leader: Capt. C. A. Larsen. Ship: Jason. 

 Summary: Sent out by Oceana Co. of Hamburg 

 and Christen Christensen of Sandefjord. Larsen 

 combined whaling, sealing and exploring in Erebus 



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