GEOGRAPHIC NAMES OF ANTARCTICA 



and Terror Gulf, returning with fossils from Sey- 

 mour Island. 



1893-94. Norwegian sealing expedition. 

 Leaders: Captains C. A. Larsen, C. J. Evensen, and 

 M. Pedersen. Ships: Jason, Hertha and Castor. 

 Summary: Sent out by Oceana Co. and Christen 

 Christensen. Sealing and exploring was carried 

 on by Larsen in the Jason in the James Ross Island 

 group and along the edge of Larsen Ice Shelf. 

 Foyn Coast, Oscar II Coast, and Seal Nunataks 

 were discovered by Larsen; Cumberland Bay, South 

 Georgia, was visited. The Castor and Hertha 

 worked in the South Shetland Islands and along 

 west coast of Palmer Peninsula. Evensen in the 

 Hertha sailed south to within sight of Alexander I 

 Island. 



1894-95. Norwegian expedition. 

 Leaders: Capt. Leonard Kristensen and H. J. Bull. 

 Ship: Antarctic. 



Summary: Sent out by Svend Foyn, the group car- 

 ried on sealing at Macquarie Island. Later sailed 

 from New Zealand to Balleny Islands. Sighted 

 Cape Adare January 16, 1895, after two months in 

 pack. Landed on Possession Islands. Reached 

 74°S. off Coulman Island; returned to make a 

 landing at Cape Adare. 



1897-99. Belgian Antarctic Expedition. 

 Leader: Lt. Adrien de Gerlache. Ship: Belgica. 

 Summary: Sponsored by government grants and 

 private contributions. Broad program of scien- 

 tific observations from Tierra del Fuego through 

 Palmer Archipelago via South Shetland Islands. 

 Discovered and charted De Gerlache Strait, thence 

 moved southwest to within sight of Alexander I 

 Island. Belgica penetrated to 71°30'S. before being 

 beset in pack. Ship drifted with pack in Bellings- 

 hausen Sea for year before released; first scientific 

 expedition to winter in Antarctic realm. 



1898. German expedition 

 Leader: Prof. Karl Chun. Ship: Valdivia. 

 Summary: Sponsored by German government. 

 Antarctic waters penetrated in November and De- 

 cember incidental to more extensive oceanographic 

 observations. Proceeded from Cape Town to Bou- 

 vet0ya, thence to 64°15'S., 64°20'E., about 100 miles 

 north of Enderby Land. Retreated to Kerguelen 

 Islands. 



1898-1900. British Antarctic Expedition. 

 Leader: C. E. Borchgrevink. Ship: Southern Cross. 

 Summary : Sponsored by Sir George Newnes. Dif- 

 ficult passage through pack from Hobart to Cape 

 Adare where, in February 1899, a winter camp 

 was set up for scientific staff. Ship returned in 

 January 1900 and sailed south along Victoria Land 



with landings at Coulman Island, Wood Bay, 

 Franklin Island, and Cape Crozier. Ross Ice Shelf 

 skirted from Ross Island to Bay of Whales where 

 landing was made. Returned to New Zealand. 



1901-3. German Antarctic Expedition. 

 Leader : Prof. Erich von Drygalski. Ship : Gauss. 

 Summary: Sponsored by government grant and 

 support from Counts Baudissin and Posadowsky. 

 Sailed south from Cape Town via Kerguelen 

 Islands and Heard Island, penetrating Antarctic 

 waters in 90 °E. Wilhelm II Coast discovered Feb- 

 ruary 21, 1902. Gauss frozen in pack 50 miles 

 from coast until February 8, 1903. Attempts to 

 sail west proving futile, ship retreated north. 

 Much scientific observation, but little exploration 

 accomplished. 



1901-4. Swedish Antarctic Expedition. 

 Leader: Dr. Otto Nordenskjbld. Ship: Antarctic. 

 Summary: Supported by private donors. Sailed 

 south through South Shetland Islands to chart 

 De Gerlache Strait; returned northeast to Weddell 

 Sea via Antarctic Sound. Winter quarters set up 

 on Snow Hill Island, from which Nordenskjold 

 sledged southwest on Larsen Ice Shelf to Richt- 

 hofen Valley. Ship's crew under Capt. C. A. Lar- 

 sen in the Antarctic wintered at South Georgia, 

 charting Cumberland and Royal Bays and explor- 

 ing north side of island. The Antarctic was beset 

 and crushed February 1903, trying to return to 

 Snow Hill Island. Following a second winter in 

 camp, Nordenskjold sledged northeast through 

 Prince Gustav Channel, meeting two men from 

 the ship at Cape Well-met, Vega Island. Entire 

 expedition rescued November 1903 by Capt. Julian 

 Irizar in Argentine ship Uruguay. 



1901^. British National Antarctic Expedition. 

 Leader: Capt. Robert F. Scott, RN. Ship: Dis- 

 covery. 



Summary : Supported by government grant, Royal 

 Geographical Society, Royal Society, and large 

 private donations. Sailed from New Zealand, 

 meeting pack near Antarctic Circle January 1, 

 1902. Landed at Cape Adare and other places in 

 Victoria Land on way to Ross Island. Skirted 

 Ross Ice Shelf eastward and discovered Edward 

 VII Peninsula. Returned to Hut Point, Ross 

 Island; winter hut built and ship frozen in. Con- 

 ducted scientific observation and geographic ex- 

 ploration. Several sledge journeys made; one 380 

 miles southward on Ross Ice Shelf, two westward 

 via Ferrar and Taylor Glaciers onto 9,000-foot 

 plateau of Victoria Land for 130 and 300 miles, 

 respectively. Relief brought by the Morning, 

 1902-3, and by the Morning and Terra Nova, 1903-4. 



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