GEOGRAPHIC NAMES OF ANTARCTICA 



ficiently fixed and/or unanimous may be 

 accepted as valid grounds for approval of 

 a name which would not otherwise qualify. 



F. Fields of Knowledge Pertinent to Antarctica 



The following is a list of fields of knowledge in 

 which outstanding contributions may be consid- 

 ered justification for commemoration in an Ant- 

 arctic place name. It is to be considered neither 

 exclusive nor exhaustive, and no order of priority is. 

 intended. 



1. Navigation and astronomy 



2. Oceanography and hydrography 



3. Surveying, photogrammetry, and cartog- 

 raphy 



4. Meteorology and climatology 



5. Geodesy and geophysics 



6. Glaciology and ice physics 



7. Radio, radar, and allied fields 



8. Geology, volcanology, and seismology 



9. Geography 



10. Botany and its subdivisions 



11. Zoology and its subdivisions 



G. Recommended Language and Form 



In keeping with long-established policies based 

 upon trends in the normal evolution of geographic 

 names, consideration will be given to brevity, sim- 

 plicity, and unambiguity in selecting the form of 

 names derived by these procedures: 



1. The application of full names and/or titles 

 of persons will be considered appropriate only 

 when required to avoid ambiguity, duplica- 

 tion, or other confusion, or in the case of well 

 known persons who were almost invariably 

 referred to by their full names. Titles will 

 be translated where their use is required. 



2. The names of organizations, ships, and other 

 non-personal names, when unduly long and 

 cumbersome, will ordinarily be used in some 

 shortened, though intelligible, form. 



3. English generics will be used. Complete 

 translation of names will generally be avoided, 

 but well established translated forms may be 

 accepted. 



4. An English generic may be added, or may be 

 substituted for an included generic term, in 

 the case of non-personal, non-English, single- 

 word names that include a generic or a defi- 

 nite article, or both. 



H. Inappropriate Names 



Names in the following categories will not be 

 considered, unless otherwise appropriate according 

 to the principles stated herein, or unless such 

 names are widely and firmly established as of the 

 date of approval of these principles. 



1. Names suggested because of relationship or 

 friendship 



2. Names of contributors of funds, equipment, 

 and supplies, who by the nature and tone of 

 their advertising have endeavored to capital- 

 ize or to gain some commercial advantage as 

 a result of their donations. This would not 

 include advantages resulting from testing of 

 donated equipment under Antarctic condi- 

 tions. In cases of doubt, the decision shall 

 be in favor of the individual whose name has 

 been proposed. 



3. The names of products, sled dogs, or pets will 

 ordinarily not be considered as appropriate 

 for application to natural features in Ant- 

 arctica. 



Application of Policy in Decisions 



In applying the principles outlined in the pre- 

 ceding pages, the Board on Geographic Names has 

 attempted to disturb previous naming as little as 

 possible, while giving recognition to the most ap- 

 propriate associations of names and features. In 

 general, old established names have been retained. 

 Even when this resulted in two closely similar 

 names for features in the same category, as two 

 mountains or two bays, the names have been kept 

 if particularly appropriate or without alternatives. 

 In general, too, the Board has done little naming 

 on its own part. It has shifted some names to 

 features with which they are more logically asso- 



ciated, and in some insj;ances after deciding be- 

 tween two names for the same feature, the Board 

 has applied the rejected name to another feature 

 for which it is appropriate. For example, after 

 rejecting Wilkes' name "Cape Hudson" in favor of 

 Cape Freshfield, a mountain range in the Thurston 

 Peninsula area approached by Hudson was named 

 for him. Some new names were supplied for 

 prominent unnamed features to which reference 

 has been necessary for purposes of this study, such 

 as Bingham Glacier and Trail Bay. Other new 

 names have been applied to commemorate mem- 

 bers of expeditions or those who played a promi- 



